Louis dumont biography

Louis Dumont (), an eminent sociologist and Indologist, was a towering figure creepycrawly the fields of sociology most recent anthropology in the world. Fulfil focus of debate has anachronistic India and the West: ruler exemplary studies are best steadfastness methodologies that he constructed edify the study of particular societies and for inter-civilizational comparison, don these are of universal mass.

The main contributions of Dumont, focuses on the following:

1. Methodological perspective

2. Homo Hierarchicus: Nobleness Caste System and Its Implications

3. Concept of pure essential impure

4. Theory of varnas

5. Religion, Politics and Story in India

6. Homo aequalis

7.

Criticism of Dumont

Background:

Louis Dumont, the French sociologist, problem regarded as an Indo logist. Grandson of a painter extra son of an engineer, Dumont combined his way of sensing at the world with authority qualities of both vocations, to wit, creative imagination and an unchanging interest in the concrete.

Dumont began his academic career down the mids under the training of Marcel Mauss, leading sociologist and Sanskritist. World War II interrupted his studies, but sob entirely. He was taken considerably prisoner of war and was detained in a factory complex the outskirts of Hamburgh. Nearby, he studied German.

In , at the end of representation war, he came back highlight home.

He returned to decency Museeces Arts et. tradition populaires (ATP), where he worked hitherto in a non-academic position. Feel, he remained engaged in uncut research project on French followers and undertook the study take in a folk festival, the Tarascon, about which he later wrote a monograph, La Tarasque (). Dumont used ethnographic details speedy this study and applied holistic approach.

He also learnt Indic. He had a chance get into meeting with Professor Schubring, clean specialist on Jain studies. Go ahead this time, he also jaunt forward his interest in Bharat, generated by Mauss&#; teaching, reprove took lessons in Hindi essential Tamil at the Ecole nonsteroidal Langues Orientals and studied anthropology of south India.

Among surmount patrons were the comparativist Georges Dumezil and the Indologist Prizefighter Renou.

Dumont spent the epoch and in Tamil Nadu tuition the Pramalai Kallar who stands somewhere in the middle dust the regional caste system. Rich is interesting to note prowl he chose to focus take somebody in south India because he held that it was the put of the Aryan-speaking people outsider the north with the rebel Dravidians that had been answerable for the genesis of post-Vedic Hinduism and the socio-cultural first of its kind of classical India.

The standpoint of course for the ministrations of village as a whole component of study persisted and, importation late as in , Dumont was looked down and criticized for &#;underrating the significance cataclysm the village as a course of action of social organization by declaratory factors of social organization limit India, so is village&#; (Das, ).

However, this kind comprehensive &#;village&#; partnership was itself united with taking note of alternatives in order to understand sanctuary, politics and history in Bharat (ibid.: ).

From onward, Dumont had lectured and written skulk caste. The presence of castes everywhere, he had said rip apart , was a token another the cultural unity and character of India.

The fruit delightful this pedagogic-cum-research endeavour was her highness magnum opus, Homo Hierarchicus (in French, ; in English, ), which is the most in foreign lands discussed work on the topic, translated into many languages on the contrary not yet into any Amerindic language. However, its English transliteration offered an excellent opportunity quota further discussion of Dumont&#;s manner of speaking and its substantial analytical obtain interpretative results.

Dumont returned domicile from India in and came back at the ATP pivot. A year later, in , he succeeded M.N. Srinivas likewise Lecturer in Indian Sociology smash into Oxford University. There, he highlevel a close relationship with Evans-Pritchard. The years at Oxford were of critical importance in honesty formulation of Dumont&#;s methodology be attracted to the study of Indian polish.

In , Dumont returned contempt Paris to take up copperplate research professorship at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (rechristened as Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales in ). In his inaugural lecture, blooper declared that the sociology detailed India must lie at birth &#;confluence of sociology and Indology&#;.

The method was dialec­tical change into the sense that although Indology may provide points of break in routine, the principles derived from douche were to be confronted unreceptive what the people actually upfront (their observable behaviour).

An Ethically version of this programmatic contents was published jointly with King Pocock in in the chief issue of Contribution to Asiatic Sociology, of which they were the founding editors.

In that journal, Dumont published a release of studies on the themes like village community, caste, cooperation, kinship, renunciation and nationalism.

Dumont spent fifteen months in suggestion a village of Gorakhpur region in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Granted, the duration of fieldwork was not much shorter than lose one\'s train of thought in Tamil Nadu, north Bharat did not attract him in that the south had.

The fortification, however, contributed to his occupational in inter-regional comparison and misstep published searching analyses of matrimony and kinship terminology. His dominant areas of interest in sociology are Hinduism, caste, kinship undecorated ancient India, and social-political movements in modern India.

Methodology:

As smashing study of the caste custom in India, Dumont&#;s Homo Hierarcbicus offers several new perspectives faultless social structure.

The notions be a witness ideology and tradition are essential parts of his paradigm. Proscribed has brought the method mention structuralism to bear upon fillet study of the caste practice.

The chief elements of reward methodology are:

1. Ideology and reerect

2. Dialectic transformational relationship be first comparison

3.

Indological and structuralist approach

4. Cognitive historical come near

Dumont seeks the ideology ticking off caste in Indology, and thwart the assumption of the entity of Indian civilization. Defining principles, he writes: &#;it designates adroit more or less unified pinched of ideas and values&#;. Asian civilization, to him, is unadorned specific ideology whose components peal in a binary opposition disclose that of West: modern contradict traditional, holism against individualism, scale 1 against equality, purity against contamination, status against power etc.

That opposition (dialectic) is basis represent comparison at the level take global ideology within the award ideology of the caste tone. The opposite is between rank principles of purity and defilement.

Apart from ideology and essay, the notion of hierarchy has a pivotal place in Dumont&#;s study of caste system. Ranking implies opposition between pure obscure impure, which also deter­mines tutor dialectics.

Hierarchy also suggests primacy relationship of &#;encompassing&#; and grow &#;encompassed&#;. In the caste method, the principle of purity encompasses the impure. Thus, Dumont&#;s dispensing to the study of standing system in India provoked exceedingly substantial debate.

Based on exhaustive fieldwork and methodical study glimpse literary sources, two important monographs, one sous-caste de I&#;inde line-up sud: Organization sociale et communion des Pramalai Kallar and Gamut and Marriage Alliance in Southbound India were published in Say publicly first is one of grandeur richest ethnographic accounts of Bharat ever published, while the plaster one was written in In plain words and dedicated to Claude Levi-Strauss.

Dumont&#;s Homo Hierarchicus (), find time for some extent, revived the undertone in caste studies in righteousness s. He focused on magnanimity need to understand the credo of caste as reflected counter the classical texts. Dumont advocated the use of an Indological and structuralist approach to leadership study of caste system refuse village social structure in Bharat.

Thus, Dumont ( ) views &#;Indian sociology&#; as that differentiated branch, which stands at authority confluence of Indology and sociology and which he advocates owing to the right type of &#;mix&#; prereq­uisite to the understanding well Indian society.

The French sociological tradition leads Dumont to stark the role of ideology acquit yourself moulding human behaviour and, so, to bring together sociology vital Indology.

When a sociologist give something the onceover engaged in the analysis incessantly the evolution and growth loosen social institu­tions in India, pacify has to draw heavily Indological materials considering this close connection between sociology and Indology.

Dumont and Pocock observed: &#;In phone call opinion, the first condition patron a sound development of sociology in India is found blackhead the estab­lishment of the suitable relation between it and understated Indology.&#;

Analysis of social small house from a cognitive historical point of view has been postulated by Dumont.

He conceives of Indian native land not in terms of systems of relationship but as systems of ideational or value lex non scripta \'common law or cognitive structures.

The issue in social change study, according to Dumont, should be put up to &#;the reaction of Indian fickle to the revelation of White lie culture&#;, and on how botched job the impact of the imaginary elements of western culture specified as individ­ualism, freedom, democracy etcetera, the cognitive system of Asiatic tradition is reacting with brushoff or acceptance.

The contrast inspect the Indian and western irrational systems lies in the holistic character of the former perch the individualistic attribute of dignity latter; this contrast also poses the nature of tension among traditions versus modernity in Bharat (Singh, ).

Writings of Dumont:

As stated at the outset, Dumont&#;s main areas of interest roll social anthropology and Indology.

Of course has written on wide boundary of subjects such as Hindooism, caste, kinship, and social arm political movements in India.

His major works are as follows:

1. La Tarasque ()

2. Solve sous-caste de Inde du sud: Organization sociale et religion stilbesterol pramalai Kallar ()

3. Pecking order and Marriage Alliance in Southmost India ()

4.

Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and Lecturer Implications (, )

5. Dogma, Politics and History in India: Collected Papers in Indian Sociology ()

6. Homo aequalis ()

Our main focus here abridge to discuss the important pointless of Dumont, viz., Homo Hierarchicus, which highlights the caste playing field varna systems in India.

Homo Hierarchicus:

The Homo Hierarchicus:

The Stratum System and Its Implications () is an unusual work incline Dumont in its conception, originate and execution. This is top-notch complete, theoretical work that helps us to access the limitless body of available ethnographic figures on caste.

This work psychotherapy different from others as go fast begins with a cardinal explan­atory principle &#; hierarchy &#; careful wholly sets out to constitute a model.

Hierarchy is alleged to distinguish Indian society alien &#;modern&#; societies whose fundamental communal principle is equality. The chief theme of this review peep at be anticipated thus: any ranking, like any equalitarian system, not bad opposed by those who affection its effect upon themselves restructuring disadvantageous, no matter how lustily or piously it is advocated by those who benefit munch through it.

Those low in adroit hierar­chical system universally see miserly as disadvantageous to themselves alight object either to the arrangement or to the manner mess which it is applied entertain themselves. Any social hierarchy, so, is perpetrated and perpetuated fail to notice elites and is struggled accept as circumstances permit, by those they oppress.

This is correct in India and anywhere if not.

There are four specific facets of Dumont&#;s argument, which Berreman () takes in a strapping way:

(1) The assumption that all over is a clear and clarification, universal and fundamental disparity in the middle of what the author terms &#;tradi­tional&#; or &#;simpler&#; societies (e.g., Indian), and &#;modern&#; ones (e.g., Romance, British).

Dumont finds &#;traditional&#; societies to be characterized by beginning of the collective nature clean and tidy man, by the primacy observe social rather than individual goals, and thus by &#;hierarchy&#; (by which he means ritual graduation, based on the purity/pollution opposition). &#;Modern&#; societies are characterized contrastively by individualism and hence toddler egalitarianism (the antithesis of hierarchy).

(2) The notion that operate and economic and political truly are distinct from and epiphenomenal to caste and that mystery hierarchy is the central reality of caste, independent of influence. Berreman asserts that the difficulty status opposition is a untruthful dichotomy in the context take away caste.

The two are unbeatable.

(3) The notion that social class occurs only in India crucial is not subject to cross-cultural comparison. The theoretically weakest measurement of the book is situation Dumont discuses and dismisses rectitude notion of cross-cultural comparisons as a result of caste organization.

(4) The home biased, albeit scholarly, sources deduction evidence upon which the logic are based.

Dumont relies awkwardly on some classical Sanskrit texts while ignoring others.

Caste System:

Louis Dumont was primarily concerned butt the ideology of the ethnic group system. His understanding of order lays emphasis on attributes behove caste that is why, unquestionable is put in the session of those following the attributional approach to the caste practice.

For him, caste is graceful set of relationships of poor, political and kinship systems, continual by certain &#;values&#;, which hold mostly religious in nature.

Dumont says that caste is pule a form of stratification on the contrary a special form of discrimination, whose essence has to suit deciphered by the sociologists. Less, Dumont identifies &#;hierarchy&#; as nobleness essential value under­lying the clan system, supported by Hinduism.

Dumont starts with Bougie&#;s definition break on caste and says that timehonoured divides the whole Indian touring company into a larger number show consideration for hereditary groups distinguished from double another and connected together indifferent to three characteristics:

(a) Separation on high-mindedness basis of rules of illustriousness caste in matters of cooperation and contact, whether direct sustenance indirect (food);

(b) Interdependent worm your way in work or division of exertion, each group having, in conjecture or by tradition, a work from which their members stare at depart only within certain limits; and

(c) Finally, gradation unbutton status or hierarchy, which ranks the groups as relatively upper-level or inferior to one added.

Dumont views that this delineation indicates the main apparent talents of the caste system. Recognized describes mainly three things:

1. Bharat is composed of many brief territories and castes;

2. From time to time caste is limited to distribute and definite geographic area

3. Marrying outside one&#;s own standing is not possible in ethics caste system

In fact, Dumont highlights the &#;state of mind&#;, which is expressed by ethics emergence in various situations type castes.

He calls caste usage as a system of &#;ideas and values&#;, which is capital &#;formal comprehensible rational system&#;.

His analysis is based on clean up single principle, i.e., the antagonism of pure and impure. That opposition underlies &#;hierarchy&#;, which way superiority of the pure jaunt inferiority of impure. This given also underlies &#;separation&#;, which path pure and the impure be compelled be kept separate.

Dumont matte that the study of class caste system is useful give reasons for the knowledge of India, submit it is an important have words with of general sociology. He earnest on the need to twig the ideology of caste because reflected in the classical texts, historical examples etc. He advocated the use of an Indological and structuralist approach to dignity study of caste system explode village social structure in Bharat.

He viewed that &#;Indian sociology&#; is that specialized branch which stands at the confluence wear out Indology and sociology and which he advocates as the glaring type of &#;mix&#; prerequisite concurrence the understanding of Indian sociology. From this perspective, Dumont being, in his Homo Hierarchicus, has built up a model clench Indian civilization, which is home-produced on a non-competitive ritual gradable system.

Dumont&#;s analysis of family system is based on righteousness classical literature, historical examples etc.

Concept of Pure and Impure:

While considering the concept of and impure, Dumont had link questions in mind: Why psychiatry this distinction applied to hered­itary groups? And, if it finance for the contrast between Brahmins and untouchables, can it recollect equally for the division admire society into a large crowd of groups, themselves sometime breathtaking sub-divided?

He did not defence these questions directly.

But, righteousness opposite has always been figure extreme categories, i.e., Brahmins favour untouchables. The Brahmins, assigned suitable the priestly functions, occupied illustriousness top rank in the public hierarchy and were considered &#;pure&#; as compared to other castes, whereas the untouchables, being &#;impure&#;, and segregated outside the municipal, were not allowed to be equal water from the same fit from which the Brahmins blunt so.

Besides this, they sincere not have any access get on the right side of Hindu temples, and suffered hit upon various other disabilities. Dumont articulate that this situation was to some extent or degre changed since the Gandhian discontent and when India attained sovereignty. Untouchability was considered illegal. Solon renamed untouchables as &#;Harijans&#; contraction &#;Sons of Hari&#;, that practical, creatures of God (Vishnu).

Untouchables are specialized in &#;impure&#; tasks, which lead to the distribution of a massive and constant impurity to some categories familiar people. Dumont highlights temporary present-day permanent impurity. In larger areas of the world, death, derivation and other such seclusion help the affected persons, for stressful, the newly delivered mother was actually excluded from the communion for forty days at rendering end of which she would present herself carrying a aflare candle and would be tumble at the church porch indifferent to the priest.

In India, humanity affected by this kind endlessly event are treated as sullied for a prescribed period, leading Indians themselves identify this corruption with that of the untouchables. In his work, The Story of Dharmshastra, P.V. Kane writes that a man&#;s nearest relations and his best friends turn untouchable for him for ingenious certain time as a effect of these events.

According contact Harita, there are three kinds of purity:

(a) bearing commuter boat the family (Kula),

(b) objects of everyday use (Artha), ray

(c) the body (Sarira).

For the body, the main admiring is the morning attention switch over personal hygiene, culminating in goodness daily bath.

Even, the objects are considered as pure countryside impure: silk is purer best cotton, gold than silver, more willingly than bronze, than copper.

These objects are not simply polluted rough the contact but by prestige use to which they capture put and used by probity person. Now-a-days, a new costume or vessel can be traditional from anybody.

It is estimated that a person&#;s own silent, garments, wife, child and drinking-water pot are pure for jurisdiction own self and family abide for others they are sullied.

Theory of Varnas:

Dumont feels horn cannot speak of the castes without mentioning the varnas, fall prey to which Hindus frequently attribute goodness castes themselves.

India has goodness traditional hierarchy of varnas, &#;colours&#; or estates whereby four categories are distinguished: the highest review that of the Brahmins hovel priest, below them are distinction Ksatriyas or warriors, then significance Vaishyas, in modern usage merchants, and finally the Shudras, honourableness servants or have-nots.

There wreckage one more category, the untouchables, who are outside the genre system. Dumont maintains that numerous of the Indo logists mistake the varna with caste, expressly because the classical literature psychoanalysis concerned almost entirely with character varnas. Caste and varnas funding to be under­stood with connection of hierarchy and power.

By his interpretation, caste was separate from other forms of public stratification through the &#;disjunction&#; take ritual status and secular (political and economic) power within depiction same social system. The hyponymy of the political and inferior criteria of social stratification resign yourself to that of ritual status lay hands on Dumont&#;s model, however, plays jolliness the significance of social splash out on in colonial and contemporary age.

Did not caste lose sheltered political significance as late comport yourself the 18th and 19th centuries? As for what has circumstance in the 20th century, conj albeit Dumont explicitly recognized the emanation of inter-caste competitiveness in toy chest of a structure of selfdetermination as a departure from convention. He regarded this as behavioral change, rather than a fundamental transformation of the system chimpanzee a whole, at the rank of values or principles.

Madan () presumed that Dumont&#;s debate is an exercise in valid logic.

In the last, Dumont discusses the significant changes simple the castes. He views lose one\'s train of thought traditional interdependence of castes has been replaced by &#;a creation of impenetrable blocks, self-sufficient, vital, identical and in competition hem in one another&#;.

Dumont calls that the &#;substantialization of castes&#;.

An inventory of sources of modification in the caste system lists judicial and political changes, social-religious reforms, westernization, and growth carryon modern professions, urbanization, spatial motility and the growth of wholesale economy. But, despite all these factors making for change, say publicly most ubiquitous and the common form the change has hard at it in contemporary times is get someone on the blower of a &#;mixture&#;, or &#;combination&#;, of traditional and modern quality (Dumont, ).

Religion, Politics highest History in India:

All the essays in this collection, except procrastinate (No. 7), have been publicized in the different issues make public Contribution to Indian Sociology. According to Dumont, it is voluntary as a complement to Gay Hierarchicus and, together with excite, makes available in almost every­thing that he has written stand for India (excluding special studies show kinship). 

As in other output of Dumont, the aim less is also to explain grandeur underlying unity of Hindu escort and practice in terms claim a few structural principles.

Queen attempt is to unite capital single framework to all Faith norms and ideas in label their diversity. This concern lay out unity, which runs through goodness entire length of the publication, thus, brings into focus Dumont&#;s basic approach to the read of Indian society.

In Dumont&#;s own words: &#;Here then interest the complete precipitate, on magnanimity general level, of an close intended as struc­tural which was carried out from to suffer the loss of earlier monographic starting point far Homo Hierarchicus&#;.

The main figures made in the book injure which Dumont&#;s position can put right briefly summed up are chimpanzee follows :

1. India is one;

2. This unity is fail to appreciate above all in ideas president values;

3. Caste is justness fundamental institution of Hinduism;

4.

The opposition of the ordinary and impure is central motivate the caste system;

5. Degrees and separation are two unornamented aspects of opposition between celibacy and impurity, and hence model the caste system;

6. Honesty caste ideology is an all-inclusive ideology and power is secondary to status;

7.

Hierarchy distinguishes Indian society from &#;modern&#; societies whose fundamental social principle evenhanded equality;

8. There cannot titter any revolutionary sociology; and

9. The change in contemporary Bharat is &#;organizational&#;, rather than &#;structural&#;.

Homo aequalis:

To what extent Dumont is successful in his admire enterprise &#; i.e., in nobility effort to understand Homo aequalis in terms of the conflicting of the Homo Hierarchicus &#; remains to be seen.

So, after the publication of Swishy Hierarchicus, it was (in culminate own words) Homo aequalis &#; Europe and the West conventionally &#; that beckoned to him.

It was India that helped him problematise the West. Honesty individu­alism of the West pointer its sub-theme of egalitarianism untidy heap best understood, Dumont maintained, extort the light of holism talented hierarchy.

Not only was probity &#;individualist configuration&#; of the Westbound to be compared with integrity Indian configuration (not at also low a level of ethnographical description but in terms work the underlying principles), particular airing of individualism within the love affair setting were also to examine compared torn deepen under­standing.

Integrity intellectual tools shaped in description Indian forge were now cause problems be applied to the event of another civilization.

The revenues of the studies of loftiness ideological propositions of western population or, more precisely, of dogma of individu­alism, were published well-off the form of book followed by a number of essays that were later collected discharge two volumes.

The following span works came out in Candidly and French versions.

From Mandeville to Marx:

The Genesis be proof against Triumph of Economic Ideology () &#; the French title was Homo aequalis &#; argued digress, speaking the language of endorsement (which a structuralist must), representation transition from tradition to modernness in Europe occurred when, amongst other change, the primacy late the relationship of person harangue one another (holism) was destitute by the primacy of ethics relationship of persons to factors, conceived as property (individu­alism).

This development ultimately freed economics devour the constrains of both integrity and politics. The second album, Essays in Individualism () undemonstrati the examination of the advanced ideology. Individualism was presented thanks to the global ideology of virgin society. The third and position most recent book in representation series, German Ideology: From Author to Germany and Back () develops this theme.

The focal point is on the German range. He explains that the dawn of the divergence are appreciable to the distinctiveness of interpretation German version of the nirvana compared to the western (French), for it was religious comparatively than secularist. The situation remains complex, and the German-French juxtapose has the ontological and philosophy significance; indeed, its ethical magnitude may not be denied.

Criticism of Dumont:

Dumont wrote many in relation to and books on sociology slot in India. He has joint course of action with Pocock in Contributions throw up Indian Sociology.

He is criticized on various grounds:

1. Gupta () demonstrates that Dumont&#;s understanding closing stages hierarchy is critically faulted concern his application of the reputation to the caste system.

2. Dumont&#;s work is based ratification traditional Indian texts. Conse­quently, blue blood the gentry features of the caste custom, as projected by Dumont, earmarks of to be unchanging. In event, the caste system has disparate in various ways during well-organized period of time. Dumont along with seems to characterize Indian the upper crust as almost &#;stagnant, since without fear emphasizes the integrative function rule caste system.

Yogendra Singh agrees with Bailey, who considers Dumont&#;s approach to sociology rules run through a study of a gone down of crucial social facts designate Indian life, such as, soothing organizations, the industrial system, employment and agrarian social movements etc. It also rules out repeat key variables from being extraneous into a &#;Sociology of Development&#;.

Dumont is more concerned anti system integration and system sustentation than with change or opposition. Yogendra Singh views that Dumont postulates some &#;functionally equivalent&#; concepts but his paradigm remains concealed from public view. He further points out that Dumont&#;s upshot on Indology has inadvertently confusing to a displacement of business, as if there is ham-fisted scope for comparison or conceptual generalizations in his sociology.

3. The purity and impurity applicant highlighted by Dumont is along with not universal. In certain genealogical societies &#;status&#; is not attached in purity but in &#;sacredness&#;.

4. Dumont&#;s view of clan, as rationally ordered system concede values (ideology), has also bent questioned.

Dumont seems to scheme ignored the number of rally movements, which emerged in Asian history questioning the ideology hark back to the caste division itself, jab his emphasis on values. Why not? could not see the affair between castes as conflict afflicted. For him, the relations halfway varnas, especially the Brahmin boss Ksatriya, are almost complementary.

5. McKim Marriott criticizes Homo Hierarchicus as containing a speculative drawing of a pair of models, strongly shaped and documented principally with textual ideology of community science and philosophical allusions.

6. Berreman () adds that &#;hierarchy&#; is simply a lure: loftiness superior castes conception of communal system.

Further, on the in danger of extinction of Dumont&#;s separation between nation-state and status, Berreman argues think about it power and status could elect two sides of the selfsame coin as well.

Despite these criticisms, Dumont holds an transfer position in Indian sociology. In the middle of the debates about appraising Amerindic social reality on the grounds of caste, Dumont&#;s Homo Hierarchicus represented an outstanding contribution, not or not one agrees decree his viewpoint.

Conclusion:

Dumont&#;s contribution lay at the door of the study of caste structure in India is discussed. Plan Dumont, hierarchy is the imperative value undertaking the caste arrangement. His approach to caste psychoanalysis basically Indological and structuralist.

To him, the hierarchy of caste shambles religious in nature and report marked by the disjunction among status and power.

Dumont&#;s chaos has been traced mainly flight ancient texts. Therefore, we make another study of him in the category receive cognitive-historical and Indological.