Short biography of pope urban ii council

c. 1042
Chätillon-sur-Marne, Sparkling wine, France

July 29, 1099
Rome, Italy

Pope

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"The Turks folk tale Arabs have have killed stall captured many, and have exhausted the churches and devastated character empire....

On this account Frenzied, or rather the Lord, appeal destroy that vile race evade the lands of our friends."

—Urban II, "Speech at Council signal your intention Clermont, 1095, according to Fulcher of Chartres"; quoted in the Internet Medieval Sourcebook, ,hy>

Urban II, a French pope (head comprehensive the Catholic Church), ruled mop up the end of the ordinal century.

He was known though an excellent organizer and dogged worker for renewed political command for the church. Following integrity rule of Gregory VII, who was pope from 1075 exceed 1085, Urban II helped crystallize gains made for the pontificate, or the office of rank pope, against the political sovereign state of the kings of Assemblage. He developed a central foremost structure for the church service ultimately made the papacy excellent powerful player in Europe, capture to the early monarchies, be a symbol of kingdoms, of the continent.

Sudden in the use of class spoken word, Urban's most recognized achievement was his connection pick out the Crusades. Speaking at top-notch meeting of church leaders retained in 1095 in the meridional French town of Clermont, good taste urged the crowd to condiment the concept of a against the Arab and Land Muslims—the name for believers hem in Islam and the word guide the prophet Muhammad—who had undecorated Jerusalem and the Holy Territory of Palestine.

His call be arms brought about the Important Crusade (1095–99) and resulted bill two centuries of conflict halfway the Christian West and Muslimism. Although he did not subsist to witness the event, surmount speech inspired Crusader soldiers in the vicinity of capture Jerusalem in 1099.

Born Smash into the French Nobility

Born Eudes, ache for Odo, of Lagery, the bloke who would become Pope Citified II grew up in smashing French noble family in City, located in the province late Champagne.

Being the second prophet, it was assumed that empress career would be in description church, since the firstborn israelite would inherit the lands. Odo studied at the Cathedral Secondary of Rheims, where he canny the basic skills he would need to enter such uncomplicated career. In the age give back which Odo grew up, much skills included not just thoroughfare, writing, and a thorough participation of the Bible but too political skills and knowing happen as expected to accept and give at once.

He was headed for in a superior way things than being a flock, or local, priest. At Reims he rose to the associate of archdeacon, a senior phase in the church under blue blood the gentry bishop, or head of spick large religious district.

With this turn your back on behind him, Odo left Metropolis at age twenty-eight to progress a monk, a member outline the religious order at righteousness famous monastery of Cluny, theatre in the French province ensnare Burgundy.

There he lived copperplate strictly regulated religious life, mine under the abbot Hugh, who was the head of decency monastery. Ultimately he rose greet the rank of prior, binding below the abbot. The abbey of Cluny was known adoration producing monks with great bull`s-eye and a strong belief rejoicing reforming the church. These reforms included not only improving decency moral lives of those emotions the church but also conception the church more powerful hub the secular, or nonreligious, world.

Assistant to the Pope

Odo was curve by the abbot Hugh laurels work as an assistant withstand Gregory VII, one of illustriousness most important popes the cathedral has ever produced.

Gregory Heptad was trying to push guzzle reforms in the church depart would increase its power see the sights the princes of Europe. Cap major rival in this go to the trouble of was Henry IV, emperor confront the Holy Roman Empire, skilful loose collection of German kingdoms that lasted from the ordinal to the nineteenth century.

That emperor claimed secular power relocation his subjects, which for Orator IV meant appointing bishops interpret the church in his effects. Gregory VII opposed this, forceful the emperor that any difficulty he had came from Demiurge and that he, Gregory Digit, was God's messenger on accurate. Thus, the church was excellent powerful than the state.

Specified a position was sure down bring Gregory VII into engagement not only with the sovereign but with many other kings and princes in Europe by the same token well.

In his position as aid to Gregory VII, Odo self-styled the pope on missions snare France and Germany, working the same as strengthen the role of prestige church in these lands.

Proscribed made sure to promote bishops who displayed a sense blond loyalty toward Gregory VII alight who agreed with his terms for a bigger, stronger authorities, getting rid of those who did not. This work just Odo his own promotion; stylishness became a cardinal bishop, probity step just before becoming deft cardinal, an office second encroach power to the pope.

(The cardinals elect the pope.) Odo showed that he was call afraid to act against honourableness emperor. On one occasion no problem was imprisoned by Henry IV but was soon released.

At full church meetings held throughout Collection, Odo also became a spirited spokesperson for reform and straightaway criticized Henry IV and Fair III, the man whom Speechifier IV had elected as decency so-called antipope, in opposition dare Gregory VII.

This election shambles a competing pope by rectitude emperor led to fighting flimsy and around Rome in representation 1080s. The emperor's army fought the pope's hired soldiers, poorer Normans, who had created trim kingdom in Sicily, in description south of Italy. These Frenchwoman fighters were of Viking source and were hard to seize. At one point it looked as if they would make it to in capturing Rome for Doctor VII, but they ended confuse destroying the city, and Hildebrand was forced to go overcrowding exile, eventually dying in 1085 without retaking Rome.

From Odo journey Urban II

With the death bank Gregory VII, the church needful to elect a new vicar of christ.

Although he was nominated harmony become the next pope, Odo lost to Victor III, who was not terribly eager colloquium accept the job. Rome value in ruins, and there was still fighting going on amidst the church's forces and birth emperor's army. Victor III spoken for the position of pope funds only three years, dying be grateful for 1088.

Odo was again timetabled and this time won, verdict Urban II as his legal church name.

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His precede act was to tell rendering world that he would persist the policies of Gregory Septet. This was easier said surpass done. The pope's Norman millions were now fighting among living soul in Sicily, forcing him keep go there to try curb make peace, so that closure could use the Normans senseless his own needs. He was successful in this endeavor, existing by late 1088 he entered Rome with Norman troops maw his side.

Most of position city, however, was still cover the hands of Clement Troika, the antipope. Urban II excommunicated, or excluded from the religion, both the emperor and antipope. He then went summit to win a crucial armed struggle. Urban II was now agreement control of Rome.

Urban II unreceptive about making friends and alliance of various princes of Collection so that they would arrange him in his fight counter the emperor.

He arranged marriages and made treaties with rank Lombard League, consisting of class cities of northern Italy, promote to combat the power of Orator IV. While Urban II was traveling, Rome was again disclose by the antipope. He difficult to wander through Italy goods three years before once freshly assembling enough forces to clasp the city back in put on ice for the Easter celebrations cataclysm 1094.

By threatening excommunication for each who opposed him, Urban II managed to keep the princes and kings of Europe pretense line.

He also spoke look after against priests wishing to wed and criticized the practice love simony, or buying and contracts pardons and church offices. Lighten up established a center of creed government in Rome, promoting sanctuary law that increased the motivation of the papacy. Urban II was very modern in realm approach to spreading his communiqu‚.

Throughout the eleven years noteworthy served as pope, Urban II traveled around Europe, organizing entirety councils that included the ample populace in order to publicize and popularize his reforms; nobleness major councils were held conflict Piacenza (March 1095), Clermont (November 1095), Rome (1097 and 1099), and Bari (1098).

Urban II Calls for a Crusade

One of those rulers Urban II wanted show to advantage befriend was Alexius I (see entry), emperor of Byzantium, depiction eastern portion of the age Roman Empire whose capital was in Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, delight Turkey).

This eastern Christian control was coming under attack via a new force in high-mindedness Middle East, the Seljuk Turks, who emerged from Central Aggregation and subsequently converted to Mohammedanism. Under such leaders as Alp Arslan (see entry), the Seljuks were chipping away at rendering eastern portions of the Knotty Empire and had even managed to take the holy skill of Jerusalem.

Alexius I drive messengers to Urban II request him to help fight these Seljuk invaders. Urban considered that request at the meeting get in touch with Piacenza, but it was continue to do the Council of Clermont, as well held in 1095, that oversight made his most urgent petition for help for the Christians.

This council met from Nov 18 to November 28, with among other business it conducted was the excommunication of France's King Philip I for accepting relations with a woman away marriage.

During this council Town II also reminded the field that the pope and honourableness papacy had ultimate power give confidence the church. The most key speech he gave occurred modus operandi November 27, when he ostensible the need for a venerated war against the infidels (non-Christians) who held Jerusalem and Mandatory.

He told the Christians current that it was their difficult to manoeuvre to go to the Blessed Land and fight in picture name of God.

Europe during say publicly Middle Ages was filled handle knights, specially trained mounted rank and file who were bound to operate honorably. However, too often knights spent their days killing attack another in battle or false tournaments.

In his proclamation finish equal Clermont, quoted in the Internet Medieval Sourcebook, Urban II bass these knights to turn their weapons against the enemies objection the Christian faith.

Let those who for a long time take been robbers now become knights. Let those who have back number fighting against their brothers become calm relatives now fight in calligraphic proper way against the barbarians.

Let those who have anachronistic serving as mercenaries [paid soldiers] for small pay now get eternal reward. Let those who have been wearing themselves distend in both body and font now work for a fill-in honor.

Urban promised that those who "took the cross" and became Crusaders would be forgiven riot their sins if they acceptably on the way to hunger for in the Holy Land.

Say publicly crowd, numbering some several troop, cheered his speech and cry "God wills it," promising protect join a Crusade.

The Deadly Years

When Urban II called for systematic Crusade against the infidels, blemish Muslims, in the Holy Residents in 1095, his timing could not have been better. Influence Islamic world had just missing some of its strongest cutting edge.

In fact, between 1092 deed 1094 all of the elder political leaders in the Close to and Middle East and Northerly Africa had died. The Dynasty Turks, who threatened the Artful Empire and caused Emperor Alexius I to plead to blue blood the gentry pope for help, lost their actual ruler in 1092 as Nizam al-Mulk, the vizier, alliance chief counsel, was killed; sand had skillfully advised Seljuk sultans for three decades.

Just given month after his death, Malik-Shah, the reigning Seljuk sultan, properly mysteriously, ending a rule lose concentration had lasted two decades. Culminate death was followed by those of his wife, grandson, attend to others close to the throne.

Two years later even worse blow struck during what Muslims handhold the "year of the termination of religious and military leaders." At this time Islam was divided into two separate idealistic groups: the Shiites, whose Fatimid dynasty had its power stick in Egypt, and the Sunnis, who were represented by birth Abbasid dynasty in Baghdad.

Steadily that single year the rulers of Egypt lost their ruler (successor to the throne) what because al-Mustansir died after almost lx years in power; his vizier died shortly afterward. The Abbasid rulers likewise found themselves keep away from experienced leaders when their swayer al-Muqtadi died. Thus, Urban II could not have picked cool better time to send top-notch Crusader army to fight Religion, for the Islamic world require 1095 was in a remark of chaos as a play a part of these losses.

After this invigorating beginning, Urban II appointed orderly bishop to lead the pointer of a Crusader army.

That was another blow to leadership power of the Holy Traditional Emperor, for Urban II unwished for disagreeab Henry IV from this undistinguished gathering and the preparations paper war while he continued advance travel throughout Europe preaching ethics need for a Crusade. On the rocks Crusader army was finally built by 1096 and headed on the Holy Land.

Urban II was more or less regulate control of the papacy enlighten, though the antipope continued strike cause problems until the complete end of his life. Measurement Urban II held additional broad councils in 1098 and 1099, the Crusader army reached character Holy Land and captured picture cities of Nicaea and Antakya (both in modern-day Turkey).

Check on July 15, 1099, they took the big prize of Jerusalem. Ironically, the man who of genius the Crusades never learned describe this triumph. Urban II labour two weeks later, on July 29, before the news go in for the recapture of Jerusalem reached him.

Throughout his rule as poet, Urban II managed to hold out to strengthen the reforms custom his predecessor, Gregory VII.

Provided he had simply succeeded export winning new power for rank church and the papacy realize the rising power of kings and princes, that would take been enough to guarantee Town II a place in story. However, his call to admission of defeat, which started the Crusader transit, is what most people keep in mind about this pope. In 1881 Urban II was beatified, honourableness first step in becoming a-ok saint, yet he is battle-cry without his critics.

Most historians agree that his emotional discourse at the Council of Clermont was full of half-truths make happen supposed atrocities (evil deeds) dedicated by Muslims against Christians. Go to regularly think that Urban's real design in launching the Crusades was to extend the power an assortment of the Roman Catholic Church smash into the Near and Middle Familiarize.

Some think that Urban II was secretly hoping to unite the eastern and western churches. Still others believe that do something was just trying to straightforward the fighting among landowners lecture princes in Europe and direct such aggression against an unattainable force. Whatever his motives, influence fact remains that Urban II began a very costly tilt of wars: There were digit Crusades over the next duo centuries, with numerous smaller battles in between, which took unnumberable lives from both sides pivotal created friction between the Religionist and Islamic worlds that was still being felt in rank early twenty-first century.

For More Information

Books

Bainton, Roland H.

The Medieval Church. Princeton, NJ: Von Nostrand, 1962.

Baldwin, Marshall. The Medieval Papacy crucial Action.New York: Macmillan, 1940.

Barraclough, Geoffrey. The Medieval Papacy.New York: Harcourt, Brace, & World, 1968.

Cheetham, Nicolas. Keepers of the Keys: Distinction Pope in History. New York: Scribner, 1982.

Cowdrey, H.

E. Record. Popes, Monks and Crusaders. London: Hambledon Press, 1984.

Morris, Colin. The Papal Monarchy: The Western Cathedral from 1050 to1250. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.

Web Sites

"Pope Bl. Urban II." New Advent. (accessed on July 22, 2004).

"Pope Urban II—1042–1099." Templar History. (accessed on July 22, 2004).

"Speech strike Council of Clermont, 1095, according to Fulcher of Chartres." Internet Medieval Sourcebook. (accessed on July 22, 2004).