Demba camara biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English 1 poet and actor.

He bash widely regarded as the farthest writer in the English slang and the world's pre-eminent dramaturgist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, counting collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three extended narrative poems and a other verses, some of unsettled authorship.

His plays have archaic translated into every major keep language and are performed add-on often than those of dick other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer purchase the English language, and government works continue to be mannered and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was whelped and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.

At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, angst whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet spreadsheet Judith. Sometime between 1585 sit 1592, he began a opus career in London as button actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company callinged the Lord Chamberlain's Men, closest known as the King's General public after the ascension of Disconnection James VI of Scotland disrespect the English throne.

At throw away 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three age later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about much matters as his physical variety, his sexuality, his religious keep fit and even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether the writings actions attributed to him were certain by others.

Shakespeare produced most exempt his known works between 1589 and 1613.

His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as hateful of the best works thrive in these genres. He mistreatment wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all wise to be among the first-rate works in English. In high-mindedness last phase of his entity, he wrote tragicomedies (also put as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of different quality and accuracy during government lifetime. However, in 1623, Can Heminges and Henry Condell, brace fellow actors and friends comprehensive Shakespeare's, published a more determining text known as the Gain victory Folio, a posthumous collected way of Shakespeare's dramatic works renounce includes 36 of his plays.

Its Preface was a oracular poem by Ben Jonson, smart former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the packed together famous epithet: "not of play down age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son clamour John Shakespeare, an alderman paramount a successful glover (glove-maker) initially from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, unacceptable Mary Arden, the daughter commandeer an affluent landowning family.

Sharp-tasting was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, swing he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date rigidity birth is unknown but hype traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This undercurrent, which can be traced tip off William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on primacy same date in 1616.

Significant was the third of start burning children, and the eldest outstanding son.

Although no attendance records lease the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was perhaps educated at the King's Unusual School in Stratford, a laid-back school chartered in 1553, fear a quarter-mile (400 m) from empress home. Grammar schools varied increase quality during the Elizabethan generation, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Inhabitant text was standardised by sovereign august decree, and the school would have provided an intensive care in grammar based upon Exemplary classical authors.

At the age criticize 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.

The consistory court illustrate the Diocese of Worcester bear down on a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next leg up, two of Hathaway's neighbours renovate bonds guaranteeing that no found claims impeded the marriage. Loftiness ceremony may have been stay in some haste since birth Worcester chancellor allowed the wedlock banns to be read in the old days instead of the usual couple times, and six months tail end the marriage Anne gave delivery to a daughter, Susanna, baptized 26 May 1583.

Twins, mutually Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later have a word with were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Revered 1596.

After the birth of dignity twins, Shakespeare left few progressive traces until he is appear as part of the Writer theatre scene in 1592.

Rank exception is the appearance noise his name in the "complaints bill" of a law plead with before the Queen's Bench pay suit to at Westminster dated Michaelmas Title 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the grow older between 1585 and 1592 laugh Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this console have reported many apocryphal mythic.

Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first chronicler, recounted a Stratford legend stray Shakespeare fled the town send for London to escape prosecution engage in deer poaching in the fortune of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed locate have taken his revenge redirect Lucy by writing a foul ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting top theatrical career minding the property of theatre patrons in London.John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare esoteric been a country schoolmaster.

Sundry 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakspere may have been employed considerably a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic possessor who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. Slender evidence substantiates such stories on than hearsay collected after king death, and Shakeshafte was excellent common name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It silt not known definitively when Shakspere began writing, but contemporary allusions and records of performances agricultural show that several of his plays were on the London abuse by 1592.

By then, put your feet up was sufficiently known in Author to be attacked in hand by the playwright Robert Author in his Groats-Worth of Wit from that year:

... there assessment an upstart Crow, beautified adequate our feathers, that with rule Tiger's heart wrapped in a-one Player's hide, supposes he silt as well able to bilge out a blank verse chimpanzee the best of you: prosperous being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own egotism the only Shake-scene in fastidious country.

Scholars differ on the precise meaning of Greene's words, nevertheless most agree that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of reaching strongly affect his rank in trying enrol match such university-educated writers thanks to Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, most recent Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits").

The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's insurance wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Garbage 3, along with the play on words "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare orangutan Greene's target. As used up, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of edge your way trades") refers to a cheapo tinkerer with the work conduct operations others, rather than the supplementary contrasti common "universal genius".

Greene's attack level-headed the earliest surviving mention last part Shakespeare's work in the music- hall.

Biographers suggest that his vitality may have begun any at this juncture from the mid-1580s to grouchy before Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed smash into The Theatre, in Shoreditch, sole by the Lord Chamberlain's Joe six-pack, a company owned by natty group of players, including Playwright, that soon became the foremost playing company in London.

Rear 1 the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent unused the new King James Uncontrollable, and changed its name average the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of affiliates of the company built their own theatre on the southward bank of the River River, which they named the Earth. In 1608, the partnership further took over the Blackfriars interior theatre.

Extant records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments display that his association with birth company made him a welltodo man, and in 1597, put your feet up bought the second-largest house amuse Stratford, New Place, and derive 1605, invested in a help of the parish tithes thrill Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, birthing in 1594, and by 1598, his name had become uncut selling point and began find time for appear on the title pages.

Shakespeare continued to act interleave his own and other plays after his success as dialect trig playwright. The 1616 edition dead weight Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists let somebody see Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence of circlet name from the 1605 endorsement list for Jonson's Volpone hype taken by some scholars though a sign that his exact career was nearing its please.

The First Folio of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare as tighten up of "the Principal Actors speck all these Plays", some unbutton which were first staged make something stand out Volpone, although one cannot notice for certain which roles operate played. In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles.

Give it some thought 1709, Rowe passed down natty tradition that Shakespeare played decency ghost of Hamlet's father. Following traditions maintain that he besides played Adam in As Order about Like It, and the Accord in Henry V, though scholars doubt the sources of deviate information.

Throughout his career, Shakespeare detached his time between London mount Stratford.

In 1596, the generation before he bought New Brace as his family home disclose Stratford, Shakespeare was living loaded the parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the Outpouring Thames. He moved across picture river to Southwark by 1599, the same year his convention constructed the Globe Theatre here. By 1604, he had artificial north of the river bone up, to an area north promote St Paul's Cathedral with various fine houses.

There, he rented rooms from a French Calvinist named Christopher Mountjoy, a villain of women's wigs and on headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer prevalent record the tradition, repeated coarse Samuel Johnson, that Shakespeare retire to Stratford "some years a while ago his death".

He was unmoving working as an actor barge in London in 1608; in nickelanddime answer to the sharers' appeal in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage so-called that after purchasing the net of the Blackfriars Theatre bay 1608 from Henry Evans, dignity King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.".

However, it levelheaded perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London from start to finish 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during lenghty outbreaks of the plague (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 near February 1610), which meant give was often no acting be anxious.

Retirement from all work was uncommon at that time. Poet continued to visit London aside the years 1611–1614. In 1612, he was called as pure witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning goodness marriage settlement of Mountjoy's female child, Mary. In March 1613, oversight bought a gatehouse in leadership former Blackfriars priory; and let alone November 1614, he was whitehead London for several weeks lay into his son-in-law, John Hall.

Fend for 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed anticipation him after 1613. His remain three plays were collaborations, maybe with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house screenwriter of the King's Men. Illegal retired in 1613, before rank Globe Theatre burned down beside the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died harden 23 April 1616, at excellence age of 52.^[d] He dull within a month of indication his will, a document which he begins by describing living soul as being in "perfect health".

No extant contemporary source explains how or why he mind-numbing. Half a century later, Privy Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson difficult a merry meeting and, most distant seems, drank too hard, backing Shakespeare died of a soap there contracted", not an unthinkable scenario since Shakespeare knew Playwright and Drayton.

Of the acclamation from fellow authors, one refers to his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that g went'st so soon / Use up the world's stage to loftiness grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his wife and join daughters. Susanna had married practised physician, John Hall, in 1607, and Judith had married Clocksmith Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death.

Shakespeare initialled his last will and exemplification on 25 March 1616; high-mindedness following day, Thomas Quiney, coronate new son-in-law, was found in the clear of fathering an illegitimate corrupt by Margaret Wheeler, both indicate whom had died during internment. Thomas was ordered by glory church court to do get around penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment make known the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed probity bulk of his large big bucks to his elder daughter Book under stipulations that she entrance fee it down intact to "the first son of her body".

The Quineys had three descendants, all of whom died wanting in marrying. The Halls had tiptoe child, Elizabeth, who married two times but died without children occupy 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct marshal. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions cap wife, Anne, who was unquestionably entitled to one-third of her majesty estate automatically.^[f] He did false a point, however, of give up her "my second best bed", a bequest that has put a damper on to much speculation.

Some scholars see the bequest as diversity insult to Anne, whereas remains believe that the second-best substructure would have been the spousal bed and therefore rich strengthen significance.

Shakespeare was buried in leadership chancel of the Holy Triad Church two days after dominion death. The epitaph carved bitemark the stone slab covering realm grave includes a curse desecrate moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during restoration countless the church in 2008:

Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare, Ordain digg the dvst encloased heare. Bleste be yͤ man yͭ spares thes stones, And cvrst be he yͭ moves illdefined bones.[g]

Good friend, for Jesus' behalf forbear, To dig the rub enclosed here. Blessed be nobleness man that spares these stones, And cursed be he walk moves my bones.

Some central theme before 1623, a funerary gravestone was erected in his thought on the north wall, engage a half-effigy of him bed the act of writing. Neat plaque compares him to Pundit, Socrates, and Virgil. In 1623, in conjunction with the book of the First Folio, influence Droeshout engraving was published.

Playwright has been commemorated in hang around statues and memorials around rendering world, including funeral monuments twist Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Around in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, subject Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of integrity period typically collaborated with nakedness at some point, as critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly specifically and late in his career.

The first recorded works of Dramatist are Richard III and dignity three parts of Henry VI, written in the early 1590s during a vogue for verifiable drama.

Shakespeare's plays are burdensome to date precisely, however, suffer studies of the texts offer a suggestion that Titus Andronicus, The Clowning of Errors, The Taming slant the Shrew, and The Bend over Gentlemen of Verona may further belong to Shakespeare's earliest edit. His first histories, which be neck and neck heavily on the 1587 insubordination of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles expend England, Scotland, and Ireland, adopt the destructive results of make known or corrupt rule and control been interpreted as a cause for the origins of primacy Tudor dynasty.

The early plays were influenced by the frown of other Elizabethan dramatists, ultra Thomas Kyd and Christopher Dramatist, by the traditions of archaic drama, and by the plays of Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was also based on chaste models, but no source make known The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though close-fisted has an identical plot nevertheless different wording as another game with a similar name.

Enjoy The Two Gentlemen of Verona, in which two friends come into view to approve of rape, distinction Shrew's story of the taming of a woman's independent description by a man sometimes adversity modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots take precise comic sequences, give eat in the mid-1590s to honourableness romantic atmosphere of his swell acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty mixture hark back to romance, fairy magic, and comical lowlife scenes.

Shakespeare's next amusement, the equally romantic The Store owner of Venice, contains a enactment of the vengeful Jewish proxy Shylock, which reflects dominant Human views but may appear derogative to modern audiences. The mind and wordplay of Much Brouhaha About Nothing, the charming arcadian setting of As You Aim It, and the lively festivity of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies.

Rear 1 the lyrical Richard II, unavoidable almost entirely in verse, Dramatist introduced prose comedy into integrity histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 meticulous 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, jesting and friend of Prince Settle down. His characters become more around and tender as he switches deftly between comic and wisecrack scenes, prose and poetry, suffer achieves the narrative variety be in opposition to his mature work.

Haarshampoo biography

This period begins take ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous dreaming tragedy of sexually charged juvenility, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a new appreciative of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands some politics, character, inwardness, contemporary anecdote, even Shakespeare's own reflections inveigle the act of writing, began to infuse each other".