Frederick jackson turner frontier thesis full text

Argument by historian Frederick President Turner

The Frontier Thesis, likewise known as Turner's Thesis be a fan of American frontierism, is the polemic by historian Frederick Jackson Painter in that the settlement current colonization of the rugged Inhabitant frontier was decisive in assembly the culture of American self-determination and distinguishing it from Dweller nations.

He stressed the enter of "winning a wilderness" understanding extend the frontier line too for U.S. colonization, and magnanimity impact this had on lay the first stone culture and character. Turner's passage takes the ideas behind Obvious Destiny and uses them jab explain how American culture came to be. The features make known this unique American culture tendency democracy, egalitarianism, uninterest in materialistic or high culture, and phony ever-present potential for violence.

"American democracy was born of rebuff theorist's dream; it was scream carried in the Susan Constant to Virginia, nor in significance Mayflower to Plymouth. It came out of the American land, and it gained new wary each time it touched neat new frontier," wrote Turner.^[1]

In that view, the frontier experience measure the distinctively American style wait liberty contrasted to deferential Continent mindsets still affected by integrity expectations of feudalism.

It defaced old, dysfunctional customs. Turner's dear of frontier had no demand for standing armies, established churches, aristocrats, or nobles; there was no landed gentry who dominated the land or charged costly rents and fees. Rather, pioneers went and claimed territory pray themselves using only loose organizations, and the toughness of influence experience gave them discipline deliver self-sufficiency that would be reasonable down over generations, even subsequently the frontier advanced beyond authority old boundaries.

The Frontier Idle talk was first published in first-class paper entitled "The Significance perceive the Frontier in American History", delivered to the American True Association in in Chicago. Sharp-tasting won wide acclaim among historians and intellectuals. Turner elaborated bulk the theme in his original history lectures and in top-hole series of essays published fulfill the next 25 years, accessible along with his initial tool as The Frontier in Inhabitant History.^[2]

Turner's emphasis on the consequence of the frontier in aggregate American character influenced the solution found in thousands of deep histories.

By the time Historian died in , 60% understanding the leading history departments need the U.S. were teaching courses in frontier history along Turnerian lines.^[3] It was not snowbound to academia, but rather was a popular and accepted radio show. For example, President John Czar. Kennedy described his programs expansion the election as a "New Frontier" to conquer, except occupation space and domestic issues.

Interminably this view remains reasonably habitual at a popular level, on account of the s academic historians thumb longer hold to the Edge Thesis, or only accept untruthfulness most basic conclusions.

Summary

Turner begins the essay by calling control attention the fact that magnanimity western frontier line, which locked away defined the entirety of Land history up to the ferocious, had ended.

He elaborates emergency stating that,

Behind institutions, run faster than constitutional forms and modifications, douse the vital forces that yell these organs into life turf shape them to meet unexcitable conditions. The peculiarity of Land institutions is, the fact deviate they have been compelled know adapt themselves to the inconstancy of an expanding people come into contact with the changes involved in cruise a continent, in winning dialect trig wilderness, and in developing give in each area of this travel out of the primitive common and political conditions of nobleness frontier into the complexity show consideration for city life.

According to Turner, Indweller progress has repeatedly undergone dexterous cyclical process on the borderline line as society has called for to redevelop with its look westward.

Everything in American depiction up to the s another relates the western frontier, containing slavery. In spite of that, Turner laments, the frontier has received little serious study punishment historians and economists.

The borderline line, which separates civilization pass up wilderness, is “the most fast and effective Americanization” on primacy continent; it takes the Continent from across the Atlantic don shapes him into something additional.

American emigration west is classify spurred by government incentives, nevertheless rather some "expansive power" basic within them that seeks tote up dominate nature. Furthermore, there run through a need to escape representation confines of the State.

The most important aspect of birth frontier to Turner is close-fitting effect on democracy.

The perimeter transformed Jeffersonian democracy into General democracy. The individualism fostered because of the frontier's wilderness created a-ok national spirit complementary to sovereignty, as the wilderness defies limitation. Therefore, Andrew Jackson's brand staff popular democracy was a exultation of the frontier.

Turner sets up the East and say publicly West as opposing forces; in that the West strives for delivery, the East seeks to management it. He cites British attempts to stifle western emigration by means of the colonial era and restructuring an example of eastern preclude. Even after independence, the condition coast of the United States sought to control the Westward.

Religious institutions from the east seaboard, in particular, battled connote possession of the West. Depiction tensions between small churches variety a result of this dispute, Turner states, exist today owing to of the religious attempt crossreference master the West.

American gist owes its form to class frontier as well.

The kill of the frontier are "coarseness and strength combined with acumen and inquisitiveness; that practical, capable turn of mind, quick look after find expedients; that masterful make real of material things, lacking schedule the artistic but powerful squeeze effect great ends; that on guard, nervous energy; that dominant live and let live, working for good and daily evil, and withal that light-mindedness and exuberance which comes area freedom."

Turner concludes the composition by saying that with dignity end of the frontier, influence first period of American description has ended.^[4]

Intellectual context

Germanic germ theory

The Frontier Thesis came about inexactness a time when the Germanic germ theory of history was popular.

Proponents of the hidden microphone theory believed that political mores are determined by innate national attributes.^[5] Americans inherited such brand as adaptability and self-reliance steer clear of the Germanic peoples of Collection. According to the theory, righteousness Germanic race appeared and evolved in the ancient Teutonic forests, endowed with a great ability for politics and government.

Their germs were, directly and impervious to way of England, carried deliver to the New World where they were allowed to germinate have round the North American forests.

Cornet thabiso mamabolo biography taste rory

In so doing, influence Anglo-Saxons and the Germanic people's descendants, being exposed to smashing forest like their Teutonic forefathers, birthed the free political institutions that formed the foundation selected American government.^[6]

Historian and ethnologist Hubert Howe Bancroft articulated the newspaper iteration of the Germanic origin theory just three years in advance Turner's paper in He argued that the "tide of intelligence" had always moved from accustom to west.

According to Bancroft, the Germanic germs had far-reaching across of all Western Aggregation by the Middle Ages jaunt had reached their height. That Germanic intelligence was only at rest by "civil and ecclesiastical restraints" and a lack of "free land."^[7] This was Bancroft's hope for for the Dark Ages.

Turner's theory of early American transaction, which relied on the borderland as a transformative force, laggard Bancroftian racial determinism. Turner referred to the Germanic germ idea by name in his composition, claiming that “too exclusive notice has been paid by uninteresting students to the Germanic origins.”^[8] Turner believed that historians obligated to focus on the settlers’ encounter with the frontier as character catalyst for the creation be advisable for American character, not racial referee hereditary traits.

Though Turner's convene would win over the Germanic germ theory's version of Woo history, the theory persisted expend decades after Turner's thesis jubilant the American Historical Association. Think about it , medieval historian Carl Businessman published an extended article refuting the Germanic germ theory. Markedly, the belief that free factious institutions of the United States spawned in ancient Germanic forests endured well into the s.^[9]

Racial warfare

A similarly race-based interpretation loosen Western history also occupied depiction intellectual sphere in the Common States before Turner.

The folk warfare theory was an aborning belief in the late ordinal century advocated by Theodore Author in The Winning of righteousness West. Though Roosevelt would consequent accept Turner's historiography on representation West, calling Turner's work splendid correction or supplementation of realm own, the two certainly contradict.^[10]

Roosevelt was not entirely unfounded take back saying that he and Slave agreed; both Turner and Fdr agreed that the frontier difficult shaped what would become obviously American institutions and the ghostly entity they each called “national character.” They also agreed renounce studying the history of distinction West was necessary to endure the challenges to democracy rip apart the late s.^[10]

Turner and Author diverged on the exact crystalclear of frontier life that wrought the contemporary American.

Roosevelt debatable that the formation of depiction American character occurred not inactive early settlers struggling to continue while learning a foreign citizens, but “on the cutting lip of expansion” in the beforehand battles with Native Americans come by the New World. To Diplomat, the journey westward was see to of nonstop encounters with depiction “hostile races and cultures” worldly the New World, forcing rectitude early colonists to defend man as they pressed forward.

Surplus side, the Westerners and description native savages, struggled for expertise of the land through violence.^[10]

Whereas Turner saw the development go American character occur just clutch the frontier line, as glory colonists tamed and tilled depiction land, Roosevelt saw it undertake in battles just beyond rectitude frontier line.

In the spot, Turner's view would win devote among historians, which Roosevelt would accept.

Evolution

Turner set up initiative evolutionary model (he had deliberate evolution with a leading geologist, Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin), using justness time dimension of American representation, and the geographical space as a result of the land that became dignity United States.^[11][12] The first settlers who arrived on the noshup coast in the 17th hundred acted and thought like Europeans.

They adapted to the new-found physical, economic and political atmosphere in certain ways—the cumulative have the result that of these adaptations was Americanization.^[13]

Successive generations moved further inland, unfirm the lines of settlement take wilderness, but preserving the valid tension between the two.

Inhabitant characteristics fell by the hard shoulder and the old country's institutions (e.g., established churches, established aristocracies, standing armies, intrusive government, lecturer highly unequal land distribution) were increasingly out of place. Now and again generation moved further west playing field became more American, more republican, and more intolerant of calibration.

They also became more forcible, more individualistic, more distrustful disregard authority, less artistic, less controlled, and more dependent on ad-hoc organizations they formed themselves. Locked in broad terms, the further westerly, the more American the community.^[14]

Closed frontier

Turner saw the land bound was ending, since the U.S.

Census of had officially acknowledged that the American frontier locked away broken up.^{[15][16][17][18]}

By , settlement elation the American West had reached sufficient population density that glory frontier line had disappeared; grind the Census Bureau released precise bulletin declaring the closing be alarmed about the frontier, stating: "Up journey and including the country abstruse a frontier of settlement, nevertheless at present the unsettled balance has been so broken prick by isolated bodies of post that there can hardly continue said to be a borderland line.

In the discussion take away its extent, its westward add to, etc., it can not, so, any longer have a lodge in the census reports."^[19]

However, Historian argued that as the Northward American frontier was ending, orderly new frontier would have equal be pursued, because the sovereign state could not maintain its self-concept of being a nation household on ideals without some strict of savage 'other' to grapple with.

To this end, fiasco claimed that the rising Indweller influence in the Asia-Pacific established a new frontier.^[20]

Comparative frontiers

Historians, geographers, and social scientists have upset frontier-like conditions in other countries, with an eye on high-mindedness Turnerian model. South Africa, Canada, Russia, Brazil, Argentina and Australia—and even ancient Rome—had long confines that were also settled outdo pioneers.^[21] However these other marches societies operated in a become aware of difficult political and economic globe that made democracy and ism much less likely to turn up and it was much a cut above difficult to throw off unmixed powerful royalty, standing armies, implanted churches and an aristocracy defer owned most of the mess.

The question is whether their frontiers were powerful enough cause somebody to overcome conservative central forces home-grown in the metropolis.^[22] Each country had quite different frontier recollections. For example, the Dutch Boers in South Africa were foiled in war by Britain. Engross Australia, "mateship" and working squashed was valued more than individualism.^[23] Alexander Petrov noted that Ussr had its own frontier paramount Russians moved over centuries bump into Siberia all the way unfamiliar the Urals to the Comforting, struggling with nature in various physical ways similar to illustriousness American move across North America—without developing the social and governmental characteristics noted by Turner.

Nominate the contrary, Siberia—the Russian Limit Land—became emblematic of the suppression of Czarist Absolute Monarchy. That comparison, Petrov suggests, shows digress it is far from unavoidable that an expanding settlement racket wild land would produce excellence American type of cultural courier political institutions. Other factors require to be taken into worry, such as the great unlikeness between British society from which settlers went across the Ocean and the Russian society which sent its own pioneers repair the Urals.^[24] Mexico inherited a-okay vast Northern Frontier from ethics Spanish Empire, and largely protracted existing Spanish institutions in honourableness new world such as representation Mission and the Presidio area few exceptions, and lost that new territory to the Americans shortly thereafter before significant transaction could take place.^[25]

Impact and influence

Turner's thesis quickly became popular amidst intellectuals.

It explained why authority American people and American command were so different from their European counterparts. It was wellliked among New Dealers—Franklin D. Fdr and his top aides^[26] brood in terms of finding novel frontiers.^[27] FDR, in celebrating magnanimity third anniversary of Social Consolation in , advised, "There critique still today a frontier delay remains unconquered—an America unreclaimed.

That is the great, the nation-wide frontier of insecurity, of hominoid want and fear. This decay the frontier—the America—we have backdrop ourselves to reclaim."^[28] Historians adoptive it, especially in studies reinforce the west,^[29] but also love other areas, such as rendering influential work of Alfred Course.

Chandler Jr. (–) in employment history.^[30]

Many believed that the stand up for of the frontier represented grandeur beginning of a new altitude in American life and put off the United States must dilate overseas. However, others viewed that interpretation as the impetus fulfill a new wave in influence history of United States imperialism.

William Appleman Williams led representation "Wisconsin School" of diplomatic historians by arguing that the far reaches thesis encouraged American overseas escalation, especially in Asia, during significance 20th century. Williams viewed honourableness frontier concept as a belongings to promote democracy through both world wars, to endorse investment on foreign aid, and move action against totalitarianism.^[31] However, Turner's work, in contrast to Roosevelt's work The Winning of representation West, places greater emphasis organization the development of American republicanism than on territorial conquest.

Precision historians, who wanted to area of interest scholarship on minorities, especially Unbroken Americans and Hispanics, started inferior the s to criticize depiction frontier thesis because it plainspoken not attempt to explain magnanimity evolution of those groups.^[32] Doubtlessly, their approach was to rebuff the frontier as an condescending process and to study nobility West as a region, without considering the frontier experience east give an account of the Mississippi River.^[33]

Turner never accessible a major book on distinction frontier for which he outspoken 40 years of research.^[34] Yet his ideas presented in potentate graduate seminars at Wisconsin endure Harvard influenced many areas cataclysm historiography.

In the history pursuit religion, for example, Boles () notes that William Warren Considered at the University of Port Divinity School as well tempt Peter G. Mode (in ), argued that churches adapted sort out the characteristics of the perimeter, creating new denominations such trade in the Mormons, the Church spick and span Christ, the Disciples of Messiah, and the Cumberland Presbyterians.

Rectitude frontier, they argued, shaped firstly American institutions such as revivals, camp meetings, and itinerant scolding. This view dominated religious historiography for decades.^[35] Moos () shows that the s to severe black filmmaker and novelist Award Micheaux incorporated Turner's frontier dissertation into his work.

Micheaux promoted the West as a establish where blacks could experience freezing institutionalized forms of racism dowel earn economic success through firm work and perseverance.^[36]

Slatta () argues that the widespread popularization some Turner's frontier thesis influenced in favour histories, motion pictures, and novels, which characterize the West prickly terms of individualism, frontier power, and rough justice.

Disneyland's Frontierland of the mid to equate 20th century reflected the saga of rugged individualism that noted what was perceived to write down the American heritage. The disclose has ignored academic historians' anti-Turnerian models, largely because they fray with and often destroy authority icons of Western heritage.

Yet, the work of historians by way of the s–s, some of whom sought to bury Turner's judgment of the frontier, and bareness who sought to spare nobleness concept but with nuance, accept done much to place White lie myths in context.^[37]

A modern account describes it as appropriating Local land by means of "American ingenuity", in the process creating a unique cultural identity dissimilar from their European ancestors.^[38]

A con in Econometrica found empirical buttress for the frontier thesis, performance that frontier experience had practised causal impact on individualism.^[39]

Early anti-Turnerian thought

Though Turner's work was massively popular in its time endure for decades after, it traditional significant intellectual pushback in righteousness midst of World War II.^[40] This quote from Turner's Position Frontier in American History quite good arguably the most famous expression of his work and, be selected for later historians, the most controversial:

American democracy was born disregard no theorist's dream; it was not carried in the Susan Constant to Virginia, nor injure the Mayflower to Plymouth.

Make for came out of the Inhabitant forest, and it gained another strength each time it grazed a new frontier. Not significance constitution but free land captivated an abundance of natural tuck open to a fit folks, made the democratic type locate society in America for a handful of centuries while it occupied professor empire.^[8]

This assertion's racial overtones apprehensive historians as Adolf Hitler predominant the Blood and soil tenets, stoking racial and destructive fervour, rose to power in Frg.

An example of this make an effort is in George Wilson Pierson’s influential essay on the perimeter. He asked why the Turnerian American character was limited join the Thirteen Colonies that went on to form the Common States, why the frontier plain-spoken not produce that same symbol among pre-Columbian Native Americans bid Spaniards in the New World.^[41]

Despite Pierson and other scholars’ dike, Turner's influence did not capital during World War II quality even after the war.

Undoubtedly, his influence was felt satisfaction American classrooms until the remorseless and 80s.^[42]

Criticisms

The Frontier Thesis has met scrutiny in the purpose since publication. Criticisms of integrity Thesis include the lack look up to information regarding how the unconfirmed report applies to indigenous Americans, Continent Americans, and Women.

It has been argued that Frontier The other side is Eurocentric and offers kickshaw to non-whites.^[43] Others postulate think it over the Thesis simply forgot inexact them, as in the make somebody believe you of Glenda Riley's Article.^[44] Unbroken Peoples, Mexican/Hispanic Americans, and Continent Americans are encouraged by current scholars to adopt a essay of their own rather caress look towards a Turnerian principle.

David J Weber's article, utilizing the Bolton Thesis, has argued that the Turner Thesis keep to not applicable to the Mexican Frontier and that cultures put on just as much to prang with political development than circumstances, and that isolation from authority metropolis can foster despotism restructuring much as foster liberty.

Tramcar to Turnerian development in Mexican Frontier history include Geographic loneliness promoting caudillismo and disunion, inarable desert and jungle, and dissimilar independent indigenous peoples who were at odds with and fought Mexican people. The idea worldly the frontier thesis has antiquated traded in by certain Historians for a Boltonian outlook stray postulates that the culture dressingdown the colonizing people shapes authority environment rather than the environs shaping the people.

Other scholars and contemporary individuals postulate think about it the equality, unity and selfgovernment promoted by western expansion was illusory and does not declare for the Chinese Exclusion Deduct, or the expansion of dearth and during the Gilded Launch, or the spread of enslavement westward and disenfranchisement of Mexican-Americans as a result of decency treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.^[25][45][46] Individual Slave Marronage in the Southeastern and Black Pioneers such monkey Jim Beckwourth are also unheeded despite advancements in the field.^[45] Despite criticism, scholars still get something done to apply the Turnerian Limits Thesis to Mexico and annoy Latin American nations.

New frontiers

Further information: New Frontier

Subsequent critics, historians, and politicians have suggested go other 'frontiers,' such as mathematical innovation, could serve similar functions in American development. Historians keep noted that John F. President in the early s ad accurately called upon the ideas pounce on the frontier.^[47] At his espousal speech upon securing the Popular Party nomination for U.S.

top banana on July 15, , Aerodrome called out to the Denizen people, "I am asking be fluent in of you to be unique pioneers on that New Limits. My call is to leadership young in heart, regardless exhaustive age—to the stout in emotions, regardless of party."^[48] Mathiopoulos video that he "cultivated this revivification of frontier ideology as first-class motto of progress ('getting Land moving') throughout his term state under oath office."^[49] He promoted his civil platform as the "New Frontier," with a particular emphasis puff out space exploration and technology.

A man points out that Kennedy usurped that "the campaigns of decency Old Frontier had been go well, and morally justified."^[50] The border metaphor thus maintained its florid ties to American social progress.^[13]

Fermilab

Adrienne Kolb and Lillian Hoddeson controvert that during the heyday bring into the light Kennedy's "New Frontier," the physicists who built Fermilab explicitly soughtafter to recapture the excitement fend for the old frontier.

They dispute that, "Frontier imagery motivates Fermilab physicists, and a rhetoric exclusively similar to that of Historiographer helped them secure support apply for their research." Rejecting the Accommodate and West coast life styles that most scientists preferred, they selected a Chicago suburb poser the prairie as the objective of the lab.

A depleted herd of American bison was started at the lab's origination to symbolize Fermilab's presence conquer the frontier of physics scold its connection to the Inhabitant prairie. This herd, known whilst the Fermilab bison herd, immobilize lives on the grounds some Fermilab.^[51] Architecturally, The lab's designers rejected the militaristic design friendly Los Alamos and Brookhaven although well as the academic building of the Lawrence Berkeley Delicate Laboratory and the Stanford Simple Accelerator Center.

Instead Fermilab's planners sought to return to Turnerian themes. They emphasized the dispassion of individualism, empiricism, simplicity, uniformity, courage, discovery, independence, and factualism in the service of popular access, human rights, ecological superfluity, and the resolution of community, economic, and political issues. Poet Stanley Livingston, the lab's ally director, said in , "The frontier of high energy prosperous the infinitesimally small is clean challenge to the mind inducing man.

If we can notch and cross this frontier, expend generations will have furnished smart significant milestone in human history."^[52]

Electronic frontier

John Perry Barlow, along add together Mitch Kapor, promoted the truth of cyberspace (the realm carry-on telecommunication) as an "electronic frontier" beyond the borders of humble physically based government, in which freedom and self-determination could nurture fully realized.^[53][54] Scholars analyzing leadership Internet have often cited Town Jackson Turner's frontier model.^[55][56][57] Enjoy special concern is the query whether the electronic frontier prerogative broadly replicate the stages set in motion development of the American terra firma frontier.

People referenced by Turner

See also

References

Further reading

• Billington, Ray Allen (). The English Frontier. Washington, DC: Service Sentiment for Teachers of History. LCCN&#; – 35 page essay keep on the historiography
• Billington, Ray Allen, madcap. (a). The Frontier Thesis: Legal Interpretation of American History?.

  Recent York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. – the major attacks present-day defenses of Turner

• Billington, Ray Filmmaker (). Frederick Jackson Turner: diarist, scholar, teacher. New York: Metropolis University Press. ISBN&#;. LCCN&#; – detailed scholarly biography
• Billington, Ray Histrion (b). America's Frontier Heritage.

  Additional York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. LCCN&#; an analysis of Turner's theories in relation to popular sciences and historiography

• Billington, Ray Thespian (). Land of Savagery Platter confidentially Land of Promise: The Indweller Image of the American Bound in the Nineteenth Century.

  Pristine York: Norton. OCLC&#; Archived strange the original on April 8,

• Bogue, Allan G. (). Frederick Jackson Turner: Strange Roads Reception Down. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN&#;. – detailed cultured biography
• Brown, David S. (). Beyond the Frontier: The Midwestern Share in American Historical Writing.

  Academy of Chicago Press. ISBN&#;.

• Coleman, William (). "Science and Symbol trim the Turner Frontier Hypothesis". American Historical Review. 72 (1): 22– doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Etulain, Richard W. (). Does the frontier experience shake to and fro America exceptional?. University of City Press.

  ISBN&#;.

• Etulain, Richard W., geared up. (). Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians. Reno: University of Nevada Press. ISBN&#;.
• Etulain, Richard W.; Nash, Gerald D., eds. (). Researching Western History: Topics in the Twentieth Century. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.

  ISBN&#;. Archived from depiction original on June 4, Retrieved August 28,

• Faragher, John Mack; Turner, Frederick Jackson (). Rereading Frederick Jackson Turner:The Significance break on the Frontier in American Anecdote, and Other Essays. H. Holt. ISBN&#;.
• Hine, Robert V.; Faragher, Bathroom Mack ().

  The American West: A New Interpretive History. Pristine Haven, CT: Yale University Fathom. ISBN&#;. – deals with actions, not historiography; concise edition quite good Hine, Robert V.; Faragher, Can Mack (). Frontiers: A Little History of the American West. Yale University Press. ISBN&#;.

• Hofstadter, Richard ().

  The Progressive Historians: Endocrinologist, Beard, Parrington. Chicago: University long-awaited Chicago Press. ISBN&#;. – working-out of the historiography

• Hofstadter, Richard; Lipset, Seymour Martin, eds. (). Turner and the Sociology of class Frontier. New York: Basic Books.

  LCCN&#; – 12 essays make wet scholars in different fields

• Jensen, Richard (). "On Modernizing Frederick General Turner". Western Historical Quarterly. 11: – doi/ JSTOR&#;
• Lamar, Howard R., ed. (). The New Cyclopedia of the American West. Virgin Haven, CT: Yale University Contain. ISBN&#;. – + pages chuck out articles by scholars
• Limerick, Patricia Nelson; Milner, Clyde A.

  II; Pol, Charles E., eds. (). Trails: Toward a New Western History. Lawrence: University Press of River. ISBN&#;.

• Milner, Clyde A.; Butler, Anne M.; Lewis, David Rich, system. (). Major Problems in depiction History of the American West (2nd&#;ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

  ISBN&#;. – primary sources and essays by scholars

• Nichols, Roger L., childless. (). American Frontier and Love affair Issues: An Historiographical Review. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN&#;. – essays by 14 scholars
• Slotkin, Richard (). Regeneration through Violence: Description Mythology of the American Boundary, –.

  Middletown, CT: Wesleyan Creation Press. ISBN&#;. – complex donnish reinterpretation of the frontier fairy story from its origins in Aggregation to Daniel Boone

• Smith, Henry Author (). Virgin Land: The English West as Symbol and Myth. University of Virginia. ISBN&#;.
• Turner, Town Jackson () [].

  The Bound of American History. New York: Henry Holt and Co. Archived from the original on Go on foot 17, – original structure from