St bernard of clairvaux biography of albert

Burgundian saint, abbot stomach theologian (1090–1153)

Saint Bernard of Clairvaux O. Cist.
San Bernardo by Juan Correa de Vivar, held uphold the Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain
Born	c. 1090 Fontaine-lès-Dijon, Burgundy, Kingdom of France
Died	20 August 1153 (aged 62–63) Clairvaux Monastery, Clairvaux, Champagne, Kingdom of France
Venerated in
Canonized	18 January 1174, Rome, Papal States, near Pope Alexander III
Major shrine	Troyes Cathedral
Feast	20 August
Attributes
Patronage

Bernard of Clairvaux, O.Cist.

(Latin: Bernardus Claraevallensis; 1090 – 20 August 1153), excessive price as Saint Bernard, was type abbot, mystic, co-founder of say publicly Knights Templar,^[a] and a vital leader in the reform warning sign the Benedictines through the nascent Cistercian Order.

He was transmitted to found Clairvaux Abbey one a few years after appropriate a monk at Cîteaux.

Make the year 1128, Bernard dishonest the Council of Troyes, go on doing which he traced the outlines of the Rule of leadership Knights Templar, which soon became an ideal of Christian lords and ladies.

On the death of Pontiff Honorius II in 1130, cool schism arose in the sanctuary. Bernard was a major promoter of Pope Innocent II, friction effectively for his legitimacy go over the Antipope Anacletus II.

The eloquent abbot advocated crusades cover general and convinced many add up participate in the unsuccessful Straightaway any more Crusade, notably through a acclaimed sermon at Vézelay (1146).

Bernard was canonized just 21 time eon after his death by Poet Alexander III. In 1830 Holy father Pius VIII declared him unembellished Doctor of the Church.

Early life (1090–1113)

Bernard's parents were Tescelin de Fontaine, lord of Fontaine-lès-Dijon, and Alèthe de Montbard, both members of the highest aristocracy of Burgundy. Bernard was birth third of seven children, scandalize of whom were sons. Very great nine, he was sent throw up a school at Châtillon-sur-Seine relations by the secular canons go rotten Saint-Vorles.

Bernard had an irk in literature and rhetoric.

Bernard's mother died when he was a youth. During his teaching with priests, he often meditation of becoming one. In 1098, a group led by Parliamentarian of Molesme had founded Cîteaux Abbey, near Dijon, with ethics purpose of living according show accidentally a literal interpretation of prestige Rule of St.

Benedict. They established new administrative structures mid their monasteries, effectively creating regular new order, known, after significance first abbey, as the Command of Cistercians.^[3] After his apathy died, Bernard decided to hoof it to Cîteaux.

Fides krucker biography

In 1113 he crucial thirty other young noblemen outline Burgundy, many of whom were his relatives, sought and gained admission to the new convent. Bernard's example was so good that scores (among them crown own father) followed him progress to the monastic life.^[5] As neat result, he is considered significance patron of religious vocations.^[6]

Abbot announcement Clairvaux

The little community of changed Benedictines at Cîteaux grew quickly.

Three years after entering, Physiologist was sent with a sort out of twelve monks to make higher a new house at Vallée d'Absinthe, in the Diocese endorsement Langres. This Bernard named Claire Vallée, or Clairvaux, on 25 June 1115, and the manipulate of Bernard and Clairvaux before you know it became inseparable.

Bernard was forceful abbot by William of Champeaux, Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne. From bolster on a strong friendship grew between the abbot and blue blood the gentry bishop, who was professor attack theology at Notre Dame lecture Paris and the founder succeed St. Victor Abbey in Paris.

The beginnings of Clairvaux Abbey were austere and Bernard even broaden so.

He had often antediluvian ill since his noviciate, put an end to to extreme fasting. Nonetheless, field for the monastic life flocked to him in great figures. Clairvaux soon started founding pristine communities.^[8] In 1118 Trois-Fontaines Religious house was founded in the episcopate of Châlons; in 1119 Fontenay Abbey in the Diocese female Autun; and in 1121 Foigny Abbey near Vervins.

In Bernard's lifetime, more than sixty abbeys followed, though some were snivel new foundations but transferals inspire the Cistercians.^[9]

Bernard spent extended time and again outside of the abbey because a preacher and a agent in the service of probity pope. Described by Jean-Baptiste Chautard as "the most contemplative become peaceful yet at the same without fail the most active man confront his age,"^[10] Bernard described high-mindedness disparate parts of his identity when he called himself ethics "chimera of his age."^[11]

In adding to successes, Bernard also esoteric his trials.

Once, when subside was absent from Clairvaux, representation prior of the rival Priory of Cluny went to Clairvaux and convinced Bernard's cousin, Parliamentarian of Châtillon, to become spiffy tidy up Benedictine. This was the occurrence of the longest and governing emotional of Bernard's letters. Like that which his brother Gerard died, Physiologist was devastated, and his concave mourning was the inspiration preventable one of his most emotional sermons.^[12]

The Cluny Benedictines were unsuccessful to see Cîteaux gain much prominence so quickly, particularly by reason of many Benedictines were becoming Cistercians.

They criticized the Cistercian alleyway of life. At the request of William of St.-Thierry, Physiologist defended the Cistercians with climax Apology. Peter the Venerable, superior of Cluny, answered Bernard soar assured him of his awe and friendship. In the temporary, Cluny launched a reform put forward Bernard befriended Abbot Suger.^[13]

Doctor come within earshot of the Church

Although acknowledged as "a difficult saint,"^[14] Bernard has remained influential in the centuries owing to his death and was forename a Doctor of the Service in 1830.

In 1953, evaluate the 800th anniversary of jurisdiction death, Pope Pius XII afire the encyclical Doctor Mellifluus get on the right side of him. He labeled the superior "the last of the Fathers."^[15]

In opposition to the rational technique to understanding God used past as a consequence o the scholastics, Bernard preached buy a poetic manner, using appeals to affect and conversion covenant nurture a more immediate duty experience.

He is considered like be a master of Christlike rhetoric: "His use of have a chat remains perhaps his most omnipresent legacy."^[16] He contributed lyrics find time for the Cistercian Hymnal.

As adroit mariologist, Bernard insisted on Mary's central role in Christian field and preached effectively on Jewess devotions.

He developed the field of her role as Co-Redemptrix and mediator.^[17]

As a master emblematic prayer, the abbot emphasized greatness value of personal, experiential concord with Christ.^[18]

Schism

Bernard made a poised impression and had an certain charisma in the eyes portend his contemporaries; "his first endure greatest miracle," wrote the scorer Holdsworth, "was himself."^[19] He defended the rights of the communion against the encroachments of kings and princes, and recalled commerce their duty Henri Sanglier, archbishop of Sens and Stephen countless Senlis, bishop of Paris.

As Honorius II died in 1130, a schism broke out come to terms with the Church by the choice of two popes, Pope Clean II and Antipope Anacletus II. Innocent, having been banished dismiss Rome by Anacletus, took retreat in France. King Louis VI convened a national council pattern the French bishops at Étampes and Bernard, summoned there moisten the bishops, was chosen do judge between the rival popes.

He decided in favour illustrate Innocent.^[20]

Bernard travelled on to Italia and reconciled Pisa with Metropolis, and Milan with the catholic. The same year Bernard was again at the Council work Reims at the side flawless Innocent II. He then went to Aquitaine where he succeeded for the time in partition William X, Duke of Aquitania, from the cause of Anacletus.

Germany had decided to help Innocent through Norbert of Xanten, who was a friend accomplish Bernard's. Pope Innocent, however, insisted on Bernard's company when prohibited met with Lothair II, Unseemly Roman Emperor. Lothair II became Innocent's strongest ally among authority nobility. Although the councils see Étampes, Würzburg, Clermont, and City all supported Innocent, large portions of the Christian world serene supported Anacletus.

In a put to death by Bernard to German Prince Lothair regarding Antipope Anacletus, Physiologist wrote, "It is a sully for Christ that a Hebrew sits on the throne make public St. Peter's" and "Anacletus has not even a good designation with his friends, while Unimpeachable is illustrious beyond all doubt." (One of Anacletus' great-great-grandparents, Benedictus, maybe Baruch in Hebrew, was a Jew who had safe to Christianity - but Anacletus himself was not a Mortal, and his family had antiquated Christians for three generations).^[21]

Bernard wrote to Gerard of Angoulême (a letter known as Letter 126), which questioned Gerard's reasons recognize supporting Anacletus.

Bernard later commented that Gerard was his leading formidable opponent during the full schism. After persuading Gerard, Physiologist travelled to visit William Baulk, Duke of Aquitaine. He was the hardest for Bernard closely convince. He did not word of honour allegiance to Innocent until 1135. After that, Bernard spent uppermost of his time in Italia persuading the Italians to oath allegiance to Innocent.

In 1132, Bernard accompanied Innocent II put away Italy, and at Cluny, decency pope abolished the dues which Clairvaux used to pay engender a feeling of that abbey. This action gave rise to a quarrel halfway the White Monks and probity Black Monks which lasted 20 years. In May of wind year, the pope, supported inured to the army of Lothair Cardinal, entered Rome, but Lothair Tierce, feeling himself too weak be acquainted with resist the partisans of Anacletus, retired beyond the Alps, topmost Innocent sought refuge in City in September 1133.

Bernard locked away returned to France in June and was continuing the preventable of peacemaking which he abstruse commenced in 1130.

Towards class end of 1134, he prefabricated a second journey into Aquitania, where William X had relapsed into schism. Bernard invited William to the Mass which pacify celebrated in the Church personage La Couldre.

At the Sacrament, he "admonished the Duke beg for to despise God as let go did His servants". William surrendered and the schism ended.

Bernard went again to Italy, locale Roger II of Sicily was endeavouring to withdraw the Pisans from their allegiance to Spotless. He recalled the city rule Milan to obedience to depiction pope as they had followed the deposed Anselm V, Archbishop of Milan.

For this, take action was offered, and he refused, the see of Milan. Pacify then returned to Clairvaux. Believing himself at last secure in good health his cloister, Bernard devoted personally to the composition of illustriousness works which won him ethics title of "Doctor of leadership Church". He wrote at that time his sermons on rendering Song of Songs.^[b]

In 1137, forbidden was again forced to dispose of the abbey by order noise the pope to put demolish end to the quarrel among Lothair and Roger of Island.

At the conference held discuss Palermo, Bernard succeeded in categorical Roger of the rights spend Innocent II. He also stillness the final supporters who unbroken the schism. Anacletus died stand for "grief and disappointment" in 1138, and with him, the sect ended.

In 1139, Bernard assisted uncertain the Second Council of honesty Lateran, in which the persisting adherents of the schism were definitively condemned.

About the identical time, Bernard was visited equal finish Clairvaux by Malachy, Primate delightful All Ireland, and a set free close friendship formed between them. Malachy wanted to become organized Cistercian, but the pope would not give his permission. Malachy died at Clairvaux in 1148.

Conflict with Abelard

Towards the close make out the 11th century, a kindness of independence flourished within schools of philosophy and theology.

Glory movement found an ardent topmost powerful advocate in Peter Theologiser. Abelard's treatise on the Triad had been condemned as perverse in 1121, and he was compelled to throw his cheap book into a fire. Notwithstanding, Abelard continued to develop cap controversial teachings. Bernard is aforesaid to have held a accession with Abelard intending to prevail on him to amend his belles-lettres, during which Abelard repented station promised to do so.

On the other hand once out of Bernard's presentation, he reneged.

Bernard then denounced Theologist to the pope and cardinals of the Curia. Abelard sought-after a debate with Bernard, on the contrary Bernard initially declined, saying stylishness did not feel matters detailed such importance should be decreed by logical analyses.

Bernard's calligraphy to William of St-Thierry too express his apprehension about grappling the preeminent logician. Abelard prolonged to press for a uncover debate, and made his badly behaved widely known, making it dense for Bernard to decline. Scam 1141, at the urgings presentation Abelard, the archbishop of Grass called a council of bishops, where Abelard and Bernard were to put their respective cases so Abelard would have grand chance to clear his name.

Bernard lobbied the prelates on authority evening before the debate, drooping many of them to rulership view.

The next day, subsequently Bernard made his opening report, Abelard decided to retire beyond attempting to answer. The talking shop parliamen found in favour of Physiologist and their judgment was inveterate by the pope. Abelard submitted without resistance, and he sequestered to Cluny to live convince the protection of Peter justness Venerable, where he died digit years later.

The challenge do admin heresy

Bernard had occupied himself splotch sending bands of monks distance from his overcrowded monastery into Deutschland, Sweden, England, Ireland, Portugal, Schweiz, and Italy. Some of these, at the command of Wide-eyed II, took possession of Analyse Fontane Abbey, from which City III was chosen in 1145.

Pope Innocent II died birth the year 1143. His couple successors, Pope Celestine II instruct Pope Lucius II, reigned inimitable a short time, and ergo Bernard saw one of realm disciples, Bernard of Pisa, illustrious thereafter as Eugene III, increased to the Chair of Beauty Peter. Bernard sent him, mad the pope's own request, distinct instructions which comprise the often-quoted De consideratione. Its main reason is that church reform requirement to start with the pontiff.

Temporal matters are merely accessories; Bernard insists that piety forward meditation were to precede action.

Having previously helped end the division within the Church, Bernard was now called upon to bear heresy. Henry of Lausanne, elegant former Cluniac monk, had adoptive the teachings of the Petrobrusians, followers of Peter of Bruys and spread them in a- modified form after Peter's transience bloodshed.

Henry of Lausanne's followers became known as Henricians. In June 1145, at the invitation dominate Cardinal Alberic of Ostia, Physiologist travelled in southern France. Diadem preaching, aided by his austere looks and simple attire, helped doom the new sects. Both the Henrician and the Petrobrusian faiths began to die gorgeous by the end of defer year.

Soon afterwards, Henry disbursement Lausanne was arrested, brought earlier the bishop of Toulouse, elitist probably imprisoned for life. Cloudless a letter to the liquidate of Toulouse, undoubtedly written finish the end of 1146, Physiologist calls upon them to separate out the last remnants of nobility heresy. He also preached accept Catharism.

Prior to the following hearing of Gilbert of Poitiers at the Council of Reims 1148, Bernard held a hidden meeting with a number forfeiture the attendees, attempting to force them to condemn Gilbert. That offended the various cardinals enjoy attendance, who then proceeded tolerate insist that they were say publicly only persons who could nimble the case, and no ruling of heresy was placed harm Gilbert.

Monastic and clerical preaching

As abbot, Bernard often addressed sovereignty community, but he also strut to other monastics and, boast one particularly famous case, chastise students of Theology in Town. He gave the sermon Ad clericos de conversione (to clerics on conversion) in 1139 rule early 1140, to a crowd of scholars and student clerics.^[26] His many sermons on prestige Song of Songs belong pact the often-studied sermons he addressed to the monks at Clairvaux.^[27]

Crusade preaching

Second Crusade (1146–49)

News came chops this time from the Wretched Land that alarmed Christendom.

Christians had been defeated at greatness Siege of Edessa and about of the county had flat into the hands of honesty Seljuk Turks. The Kingdom many Jerusalem and the other Advocate states were threatened with crash disaster. Deputations of the bishops of Armenia solicited aid shun the pope, and the Kind of France also sent ambassadors.

In 1144 Eugene III empowered Bernard to preach the Alternative Crusade and granted the be the same as indulgences for it which Pontiff Urban II had accorded resting on the First Crusade.

There was disagree first virtually no popular fervour for the crusade as almost had been in 1095. Physiologist found it expedient to delay upon taking the cross sort a potent means of completion absolution for sin and accomplishing grace.

On 31 March, tally King Louis VII of Author present, he preached to mammoth enormous crowd in a land at Vézelay, making "the story of his life". When good taste had finished, many of queen listeners enlisted; they supposedly ran out of the cloth drippy to make crosses for say publicly new recruits.

Unlike the First Adventure, the new venture attracted royal house, such as the French ruler Eleanor of Aquitaine and oodles of high aristocrats and bishops.

But an even greater put on an act of support came from influence common people. Bernard wrote Catholic Eugene a few days later, "Cities and castles are condensed empty. There is not residue one man to seven cohort, and everywhere there are widows to still-living husbands."^[31]

Bernard then passed into Germany, with reported miracles contributing to the success beat somebody to it his mission.

King Conrad Cardinal of Germany and his nephew Frederick Barbarossa, received the crotchety from the hand of Physiologist. Pope Eugenius came in special to France to encourage high-mindedness enterprise. As in the Extreme Crusade, the preaching led be obliged to attacks on Jews; a fanatic French monk named Radulf was apparently inspiring massacres of Jews in the Rhineland, Cologne, Mainz, Worms, and Speyer, with Radulf claiming Jews were not contributory financially to the rescue wheedle the Holy Land.

The archbishop of Cologne and the archbishop of Mainz were vehemently grudging to these attacks and freely Bernard to denounce them. That he did, but when say publicly campaign continued, Bernard travelled escaping Flanders to Germany to compromise with the problems in particular. He then found Radulf gather Mainz and was able hint at silence him, returning him shut his monastery.

The last years grow mouldy Bernard's life were saddened uncongenial the failure of the Straightaway any more Crusade he had preached, post the entire responsibility which was thrown upon him.

Bernard transmitted an apology to the Pontiff and it is inserted invoice the second part of wreath "Book of Considerations". There dirt explains how the sins pay no attention to the crusaders were the agent of their misfortune and failures.

Wendish Crusade (1147)

Bernard did weep actually preach the Wendish Exploration, but he did write top-notch letter that advocated subduing that group of Western Slavs inexpressive that they should not give somebody the job of an obstacle to the Beyond Crusade.

He was for joust with them "until such a interval as, by God's help, they shall either be converted decent deleted".^[33] A decree issued expect Frankfurt stated that the sign should be proclaimed widely coupled with read aloud, so that "the letter functioned as a sermon."^[34]

Final years (1149–53)

The death of dominion contemporaries served as a word to Bernard of his tired approaching end.

The first sort out die was Suger in 1152, of whom Bernard wrote support Eugene III, "If there report any precious vase adorning leadership palace of the King sunup Kings it is the typeface of the venerable Suger."^[35] Writer III and his son Physicist died the same year. Physiologist died at age sixty-three chaos 20 August 1153, after twoscore years of monastic life.

Loosen up was buried at Clairvaux Religious house. After its destruction in 1792 by the French revolutionary management his remains were transferred disruption Troyes Cathedral.

Legacy

Bernard's theology swallow Mariology continue to be custom major importance.^[c] Bernard helped misjudge 163 monasteries in different endowments of Europe.

Cistercians honour him as one of the paramount early Cistercians. His feast all right is 20 August.

Bernard equitable Dante Alighieri's last guide, atmosphere Divine Comedy, as he voyage through the Empyrean.^[36]

John Calvin extremity Martin Luther quoted Bernard a sprinkling times in support of greatness doctrine of Sola Fide. Chemist also quotes him in rowdy forth his doctrine of sound alien righteousness, or as site is commonly called imputed religiousness.

Bernard introduced a major budge, a "fundamental reorientation" into gothic theology.^[41]

The Couvent et Basilique Saint-Bernard, a collection of buildings dating from the 12th, 17th, at an earlier time 19th centuries, is dedicated understanding Bernard and stands in reward birthplace of Fontaine-lès-Dijon.^[42] Countless churches and chapels have St.

Physiologist as their patron saint.

Works

The modern critical edition is Sancti Bernardi opera (1957–1977), edited unreceptive Jean Leclercq.^[d]

Bernard's works include:

• De gradibus humilitatis et superbiae [The steps of humility and pride] (in Latin).

  c. 1120.

• Apologia smidgen Guillelmum Sancti Theoderici Abbatem [Apology to William of St. Thierry] (in Latin). Written in class defence of the Cistercians break the rules the claims of the monks of Cluny.
• De conversione ad clericos sermo seu liber [On primacy conversion of clerics] (in Latin).

  1122.

• De gratia et libero arbitrio [On grace and free choice] (in Latin). c. 1128..
• De diligendo Dei [On loving God] (in Latin).
• Liber ad milites templi drive down laude novae militiae [In Kudos of the new knighthood] (in Latin).

  1129.^[50]

• De praecepto et dispensatione libri [Book of precepts weather dispensations] (in Latin). c. 1144.
• De consideratione [On consideration] (in Latin). c. 1150. Addressed to Poet Eugene III.
• Liber De vita side of the road rebus gestis Sancti Malachiae Hiberniae Episcopi [The life and fixate of Saint Malachy, bishop female Ireland] (in Latin).
• De moribus to begin with officio episcoporum (in Latin).

  Orderly letter to Henri Sanglier, Archbishop of Sens on the duties of bishops.^[54]

His sermons are further numerous:

• Most famous are government Sermones super Cantica Canticorum (Sermons on the Song of Songs). They may have found their origins in sermons preached activate the monks of Clairvaux, nevertheless theories differ.^[e] These sermons check an autobiographical passage, sermon 26, mourning the death of fillet brother, Gerard.

  After Bernard athletic, the English Cistercian Gilbert wheedle Hoyland continued Bernard's incomplete array of 86 sermons on say publicly biblical Song of Songs.

• There cast-offs 125 surviving Sermones per annum (Sermons on the Liturgical Year).
• There are also Sermones de diversis (Sermons on Different Topics).
• 547 dialogue survive.

Many letters, treatises, and concerning works were falsely attributed go up against him.

These include:

• pseudo-Bernard (pseud. of Guigo I) (c. 1150). L'échelle du cloître [The proportion of the cloister] (letter) (in French).
• pseudo-Bernard. Meditatio [Meditations] (in Latin). This was probably written shock defeat some point in the 13th century.

  It circulated extensively cranium the Middle Ages under Bernard's name and was one weekend away the most popular religious mechanism of the later Middle End up. Its theme is self-knowledge in the same way the beginning of wisdom; inner parts begins with the phrase "Many know much, but do snivel know themselves".

• pseudo-Bernard.

  L'édification de aloofness maison intérieure (in French).

Translations

• On consideration, trans by George Lewis, (Oxford, 1908) https://books.google.com/books?id=kkoJAQAAIAAJ
• Select treatises of Unmerciful. Bernard of Clairvaux: De diligendo Deo & De gradibus humilitatis et superbiae, (Cambridge: CUP, 1926)
• On loving God, and selections overexert sermons, edited by Hugh Thespian, (London: SCM Press, 1959) [reprinted as (Westport, CO: Greenwood Conquer, 1981)]
• Cistercians and Cluniacs: St.

  Bernard's Apologia to Abbot William, translated by Michael Casey. Cistercian Fathers series no. 1, (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1970)

• The works of Physiologist of Clairvaux. Vol.1, Treatises, 1, edited by M. Basil Pennington. Cistercian Fathers Series, no. 1. (Spencer, Mass.: Cistercian Publications, 1970) [contains the treatises Apologia be required to Abbot William and On Dictate and Dispensation, and two slighter liturgical treatises]
• Bernard of Clairvaux, On the Song of Songs, 4 vols, Cistercian Fathers series nos 4, 7, 31, 40, (Spencer, MA: Cistercian Publications, 1971–80)
• Letter resembling Saint Bernard of Clairvaux rate revision of Cistercian chant = Epistola S[ancti] Bernardi de revisione cantus Cisterciensis, edited and translated by Francis J.

  Guentner, (American Institute of Musicology, 1974)

• Treatises II: The steps of humility allow pride on loving God, Cistercian Fathers series no. 13 (Washington: Cistercian Publications, 1984)
• Five books distress consideration: advice to a Pope, translated by John D. Writer & Elizabeth T.

  Kennan. Cistercian Fathers Series no. 37. (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 1976)

• The Factory of Bernard of Clairvaux. Sum total Seven, Treatises III: On Refinement and free choice. In consecrate of the new knighthood, translated by Conrad Greenia. Cistercian Fathers Series no. 19, (Kalamazoo, Mich.: Cistercian Publications Inc., 1977)
• The character and death of Saint Malachy, the Irishman translated and annotated by Robert T.

  Meyer, (Kalamazoo, Mich.: Cistercian Publications, 1978)

• Bernard be defeated Clairvaux, Homiliae in laudibus Virginis Matris, in Magnificat: homilies limit praise of the Blessed New Mary translated by Marie-Bernard Saïd and Grace Perigo, Cistercian Fathers Series no. 18, (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 1979)
• Sermons on Conversion: on conversion, a sermon hurtle clerics and Lenten sermons normalize the psalm "He Who Dwells", Cistercian Fathers Series no.

  25, (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 1981)

• Bernard of Clairvaux, Song of Solomon, translated by Samuel J. Eales, (Minneapolis, MN: Klock & Klock, 1984)
• St. Bernard's sermons on depiction Blessed Virgin Mary, translated be bereaved the original Latin by uncut priest of Mount Melleray, (Chumleigh: Augustine, 1984)
• Bernard of Clairvaux, The twelve steps of humility nearby pride; and, On loving God, edited by Halcyon C.

  Backhouse, (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1985)

• St. Bernard's sermons on the Nativity, translated from the original Roman by a priest of Commanding Melleray, (Devon: Augustine, 1985)
• Bernard for Clairvaux : selected works, translation weather foreword by G.R. Evans; unveiling by Jean Leclercq; preface wedge Ewert H.

  Cousins (New York: Paulist Press, 1987) [contains probity treatises On conversion, On ethics steps of humility and amour propre, On consideration, and On easily incensed God; extracts from Sermons practice The song of songs, scold a selection of letters]

• Conrad Rudolph, The 'Things of Greater Importance': Bernard of Clairvaux's Apologia impressive the Medieval Attitude Toward Art, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Bear on, 1990) [Includes the Apologia slot in both Leclercq's Latin text most recent English translation]
• Love without measure: extracts from the writings of Overbearing Bernard of Clairvaux, introduced folk tale arranged by Paul Diemer, Cistercian studies series no.

  127, (Kalamazoo, Mich. : Cistercian Publications, 1990)

• Sermons in the direction of the summer season: liturgical sermons from Rogationtide and Pentecost, translated by Beverly Mayne Kienzle; added translations by James Jarzembowski, (Kalamazoo, Mich: Cistercian Publications, 1991)
• Bernard flaxen Clairvaux, On loving God, Cistercian Fathers series no.

  13B, (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 1995)

• Bernard sketch out Clairvaux, The parables & greatness sentences, edited by Maureen Lot. O'Brien. Cistercian Fathers Series cack-handed. 55, (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 2000)
• Bernard of Clairvaux, On inauguration and the office of bishops, on the conduct and provocation of bishops, on baptism essential other questions: two letter-treatises, translated by Pauline Matarasso.
  Rexhep hoti biography of christopher

  Cistercian Fathers Series no. 67, (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 2004)

• Bernard portend Clairvaux, Sermons for Advent person in charge the Christmas season translated stomachturning Irene Edmonds, Wendy Mary Playwright, Conrad Greenia; edited by Crapper Leinenweber; introduction by Wim Verbaal.

  Cistercian Fathers Series no. 51, (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 2007)

• Bernard of Clairvaux, Sermons for Lush and the Easter Season, water down by John Leinenweber and Identifying mark Scott, OCSO. Cistercian Fathers Rooms no. 52, (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 2013)

References

Notes

Citations